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Topic Review
Dietetic Habits in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disabling immune-mediated demyelinating neurodegenerative disease with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 1000 in populations of European descent. It primarily affects females (F:M = 2–3:1) mainly between the ages of 15 and 55 years. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Dnmt3a2/Dnmt3L
This study investigates how DNA methylation regulates motor behavior in single neuron type resolution. This topic is important for understanding that the behaviors like hyperactivity in relevant diseases are also regulated by epigenetic factors. Although accumulative researches have demonstrated that epigenetic factor is a potential regulator for brain function, the specific role of these factors in certain type of neurons is still unclear, especially in motor neurons, has not been studied. We aim to examine if the DNA methylation level of neurons are regulated by DNA methyltransferase and how is the consequence in locomotion. The study generated a transgenic mouse model with overexpression of Dnmt3a2 and Dnmt3L, the DNA methyltransferase and its partner, in dopaminergic neurons which controls locomotor function. We found that the DNA methylation level was up-regulated in neurons with overexpression, and the spontaneous activity and exercise performance of the mice were increased significantly. Furthermore, the higher fire frequency and excitability of dopaminergic neuron were detected without dopaminergic biosynthesis change.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Illicit Substances on Dopamine Receptors and Brain
Drug addiction is characterized by dysregulation of emotional processes involved in motivation and stress patterns. Social and cultural trends also affect and influence processes such as use, addiction, and relapse, as in men and women. The stages of abuse include first use, followed by escalation, addiction with subsequent withdrawal to relapse, which is a common structure for both sexes and is the same for all drugs.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Honey and Its Ingredients in Post-Ischemic Neurodegeneration Treatment
Neurodegeneration of the brain after ischemia is a major cause of severe, long-term disability, dementia, and mortality, which is a global problem. These phenomena are attributed to excitotoxicity, changes in the blood–brain barrier, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, vasoconstriction, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and ultimately neuronal death. In addition, genetic factors such as post-ischemic changes in genetic programming in the expression of amyloid protein precursor, β-secretase, presenilin-1 and -2, and tau protein play an important role in the irreversible progression of post-ischemic neurodegeneration. Numerous studies have shown that the high contents of flavonoids and phenolic acids in honey have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-amyloid, anti-tau protein, anticholinesterase, serotonergic, and AMPAK activities, influencing signal transmission and neuroprotective effects.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Aptamer Technologies in Neuroscience
Aptamers developed using in vitro Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) technology are single-stranded nucleic acids 10–100 nucleotides in length. Their targets, often with specificity and high affinity, range from ions and small molecules to proteins and other biological molecules as well as larger systems, including cells, tissues, and animals. Aptamers often rival conventional antibodies with improved performance, due to aptamers’ unique biophysical and biochemical properties, including small size, synthetic accessibility, facile modification, low production cost, and low immunogenicity. Therefore, there is sustained interest in engineering and adapting aptamers for many applications, including diagnostics and therapeutics. 
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Gene Therapy for Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a pathophysiological hallmark of disease onset and progression in patients with Parkinsonian disorders. Besides the overall emergence of gene therapies in treating these patients, this highly relevant molecular concept has not yet been defined as a target for gene therapeutic approaches. 
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
MSProDiscuss™ for Identifying Multiple Sclerosis Progression
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, potentially debilitating autoimmune-mediated neurological disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) and the most common acquired degenerative disease of the CNS in young adults. MSProDiscuss, developed with physicians and patients, facilitates a structured approach to patient consultations. It analyzes multidimensional data via an algorithm to estimate the likelihood of progression (the MSProDiscuss score), the contribution of various symptoms, and the impact of symptoms on daily living, enabling a more personalized approach to treatment and disease management. Data from clinical decision support (CDS) tools such as MSProDiscuss offer new insights into disease course and facilitate informed decision-making and a holistic approach to MS patient care. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Role of Neuroprotective Plants in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by impaired cognition, memory loss, and altered personality. Many of the available pharmaceutical treatments do not alter the onset of disease progression. Recently, alternatives to developed drug candidates have been explored including medicinal plants and herbal treatments for the treatment of AD.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Postnatal Zika Virus Infection
Although the Zika virus (ZIKV) typically causes mild or no symptoms in adults, during the 2015−2016 outbreak, ZIKV infection in pregnancy resulted in birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders; however, little is known about the potential impact of ZIKV infection during infancy and early childhood. Considering the neurotropism of ZIKV and the rapidly-developing postnatal brain, it is important to understand how infection during infancy may disrupt neurodevelopment. Emerging clinical evidence supports the hypothesis that ZIKV infection during infancy can result in negative neurologic consequences. However, clinical data regarding postnatal ZIKV infection in children are limited; as such, animal models play an important role in understanding the potential complications of ZIKV infection related to the vulnerable developing brain. Preclinical data provide insight into the potential behavioral, cognitive, and motor domains that clinical studies should examine in pediatric populations exposed to ZIKV during infancy.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cytokines as Selected Biomarkers of Depression
Depression is one of the leading mental illnesses worldwide and lowers the quality of life of many. According to WHO, about 5% of the worldwide population suffers from depression. Studies report a staggering global prevalence of 27.6%, and it is rising. Professionally, depression belonging to affective disorders is a psychiatric illness, and the category of major depressive disorder (MDD) comprises various diagnoses related to persistent and disruptive mood disorders. Due to this fact, it is imperative to find a way to assess depression quantitatively using a specific biomarker or a panel of biomarkers that would be able to reflect the patients’ state and the effects of therapy. Cytokines, hormones, oxidative stress markers, and neuropeptides are studied in association with depression. 
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Update on Domestic Violence and Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), which is the leading cause of all deaths for Americans less than 44 years old, is defined as “an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force that may result in cognitive impairment". Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a type of domestic violence that is defined as “behaviors that are intended to exert power and control over another individual, including physical, sexual, verbal, emotional, and financial abuse, and/or stalking".
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Neurological Implications and Therapeutic Potential of L-serine
L-serine is a non-essential amino acid that plays a vital role in protein synthesis, cell proliferation, development, and sphingolipid formation in the central nervous system. It exerts its effects through the activation of glycine receptors and upregulation of PPAR-γ, resulting in neurotransmitter synthesis, neuroprotection, and anti-inflammatory effects.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Dejavu
Dejavu is the feeling that you have already experienced something that is actually happening for the first time. Mental illusion is a false mental image produced by misinterpretation of things that actually exist. Hallucination is an experience involving the apparent perception of something not present. Crypto amensia is an implicit memory phenomenon in which people mistakenly believe that a current thought or idea is a product of their own creation when, in fact, they have encountered it previously and then forgotten it. Glitch is a minor problem that causes a temporary setback. Reincarnation is the rebirth of a soul in another body. Dreams is a series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a person's mind during sleep. Fragment is a small part broken off. Hyperdopaminergic is excess secretion of the Dopamine (Neurotransmitter).
  • 1.1K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory and immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS), commonly affecting young adults and potentially associated with life-long disability. About 14 disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) are currently approved for the treatment of MS. Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (AHSCT) is a highly efficacious and relatively safe therapeutic option for the treatment of highly active MS. Particularly, over recent years, the amount of evidence has grown, with significant improvements in the development of patient selection criteria, choice of the most suitable transplant technique and clinical experience.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Microbiome–Gut–Mucosal–Immune–Brain Axis and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by deficits in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and stereotyped interests. Due of the high prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with ASD, researchers have investigated the gut microbiota as a potential contributor to its aetiology. The relationship between the microbiome, gut, and brain (microbiome–gut–brain axis) has been acknowledged as a key factor in modulating brain function and social behaviour, but its connection to the aetiology of ASD is not well understood.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors
Prokineticins are a new class of chemokine-like peptides involved in a wide range of biological and pathological activities. In particular, prokineticin 2 (PK2), prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) play a central role in modulating neuroinflammatory processes. PK2 and PKRs, which are physiologically expressed at very low levels, are strongly upregulated during inflammation and regulate neuronal-glial interaction.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Potential of Mild Uncoupling
The term uncoupling is used concerning the situation when a proton bypasses ATP synthase and electron transport becomes disconnected from the process of ATP synthesis due to a short-circuit of the membrane potential existing across the membrane. It also applies to mitochondria, where uncoupling causes a loss of the tight association of oxidation of respiratory substrates and ATP synthesis. Generally speaking, uncouplers exert their action by organizing a proton leak in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which jeopardizes the generation of the proton motive force.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Multiple Sclerosis Pathology--Potential Disease Biomarkers
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that involves an intricate and aberrant interaction of immune cells leading to inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Due to the heterogeneity of clinical subtypes, their diagnosis becomes challenging and the best treatment cannot be easily provided to patients. Biomarkers have been used to simplify the diagnosis and prognosis of MS, as well as to evaluate the results of clinical treatments.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Challenges for Developmental Dyscalculia Study
Developmental Dyscalculia (DD) signifies a failure in representing quantities, which impairs the performance of basic math operations and schooling achievement during childhood. DD is defined as “a heterogeneous disorder that produces individual differences in both development and functioning of numerical cognition, evidence-based in neuroanatomical, neuropsychological, and behavioural levels, as well as their interactions”.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis
In multiple sclerosis (MS), astrocytes respond to the inflammatory stimulation with a robust process of morphological, transcriptional, biochemical and functional remodeling. Recent studies exposed the detrimental and the beneficial, in part contradictory, functions of this cell population. The pivotal roles played by astrocytes make them an attractive therapeutic target. Improved understanding of astrocyte function, diversity, and the mechanisms by which they are regulated, may lead to the development of novel approaches to selectively block astrocytic detrimental responses and/or enhance their protective properties. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jun 2021
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