Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Comorbid Conditions in COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major health problem with increasing incidence and mortality worldwide. There are remaining issues that are difficult to resolve with the current treatment algorithm. COPD patients face a number of unmet needs such as symptoms, exacerbations, physical inactivity, and loss of social activities. In this article, we categorize potential therapeutic targets from the viewpoint of pulmonary and systemic comorbid conditions,, and address recent data concerning the pathophysiological link with COPD and the impact of intervention for comorbid conditions, in order to obtain evidence that could enable us to provide personalized COPD management. 
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Visual Field Test
A visual field test is an eye examination that can detect dysfunction in central and peripheral vision which may be caused by various medical conditions such as glaucoma, stroke, pituitary disease, brain tumours or other neurological deficits. Visual field testing can be performed clinically by keeping the subject's gaze fixed while presenting objects at various places within their visual field. Simple manual equipment can be used such as in the tangent screen test or the Amsler grid. When dedicated machinery is used it is called a perimeter. The exam may be performed by a technician in one of several ways. The test may be performed by a technician directly, with the assistance of a machine, or completely by an automated machine. Machine-based tests aid diagnostics by allowing a detailed printout of the patient's visual field. Other names for this test may include perimetry, Tangent screen exam, Automated perimetry exam, Goldmann visual field exam, or brand names such as Humphrey Field Analyzer, Octopus Perimeter, Optopol PTS perimeter, Oculus Easyfield perimeter, Olleyes VisuALL, etc.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ensembl Genomes
Ensembl Genomes is a scientific project to provide genome-scale data from non-vertebrate species. The project is run by the European Bioinformatics Institute, and was launched in 2009 using the Ensembl technology. The main objective of the Ensembl Genomes database is to complement the main Ensembl database by introducing five additional web pages to include genome data for bacteria, fungi, invertebrate metazoa, plants, and protists. For each of the domains, the Ensembl tools are available for manipulation, analysis and visualization of genome data. Most Ensembl Genomes data is stored in MySQL relational databases and can be accessed by the Ensembl Perl API, virtual machines or online. Ensembl Genomes is an open project, and most of the code, tools, and data are available to the public. Ensembl and Ensembl Genomes software uses a "permissive Apache-style open-source" license, making it free for all users.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Antioxidant-Based Therapies in Male Infertility
Under physiological conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play pivotal roles in various processes of human spermatozoa. Indeed, semen requires the intervention of ROS to accomplish different stages of its maturation. However, ROS overproduction is a well-documented phenomenon occurring in the semen of infertile males, potentially causing permanent oxidative damages to a vast number of biological molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids of biological membrane lipids), negatively affecting the functionality and vitality of spermatozoa. ROS overproduction may concomitantly occur to the excess generation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), leading to oxidative/nitrosative stress and frequently encountered in various human pathologies. Under different conditions of male infertility, very frequently accompanied by morpho-functional anomalies in the sperm analysis, several studies have provided evidence for clear biochemical signs of damages to biomolecules caused by oxidative/nitrosative stress. In the last decades, various studies aimed to verify whether antioxidant-based therapies may be beneficial to treat male infertility have been carried out.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of severe visual loss among the elderly. AMD patients are tormented by progressive central blurring/loss of vision and have limited therapeutic options to date. Drusen accumulation causing retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell damage is the hallmark of AMD pathogenesis, in which oxidative stress and inflammation are the well-known molecular mechanisms.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Virtual Screening Algorithms in Drug Discovery
Virtual screening (VS) is an in silico technique used in the drug discovery process. During VS, large databases of molecular structures are automatically evaluated using computational methods. With the use of VS, it is expected to identify molecules more susceptible to binding to the molecular target, typically a protein or enzyme receptor.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Medicine
With an increased number of medical data generated every day, there is a strong need for reliable, automated evaluation tools. With high hopes and expectations, machine learning has the potential to revolutionize many fields of medicine, helping to make faster and more correct decisions and improving current standards of treatment. Today, machines can analyze, learn, communicate, and understand processed data and are used in health care increasingly.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Effect of Licorice on Oral Health
Licorice (Radix glycyrrhizae) is a plant root extract widely used in various applications, including cosmetics, food supplements, and traditional medicine. It has a long history of medicinal use in different cultures due to its diverse pharmacological properties. Licorice has traditionally been used for treating gastrointestinal problems, respiratory infections, cough, bronchitis, arthritis, and skin conditions. The potential therapeutic benefits of licorice for oral health have gained significant interest.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Timeline of Yellow Fever
This is a timeline of yellow fever. Major events such as historical epidemics and medical developments are described.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Social Image of Nursing
Nursing is a discipline on which stereotypes have persisted throughout its history, considering itself a feminine profession and subordinated to the medical figure, without its own field of competence. All this leads to an image of the Nursing Profession that moves away from reality, constituting a real, relevant and high-impact problem that prevents professional expansion, and that has a direct impact on social trust, the allocation of resources and quality of care, as well as wages and professional satisfaction.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Chondrocyte Sheets
Chondrocyte sheets can be created without using material such as animal-derived collagen by using temperature-responsive culture devices such as thermo-responsive polymer grafted culture dishes, where cells can adhere, proliferate, and form into a sheet.  Hyaline cartilage regeneration by autologous chondrocyte sheets has already been demonstrated in clinical research.　Chondrocyte sheet transplantation is a novel and promising approach to treating patients who have cartilage defects associated with osteoarthritis.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
MRCPsych
MRCPsych (Member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists) is a postnominal qualification awarded to physicians who have completed the prescribed training requirements and membership examinations mandated by the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Candidates must be registered with the GMC or a recognized medical board in their own country and should have undergone three years of training. Although initially a two-part exam, the examination has undergone a radical change in the past few years, notably in terms of focus and structure. Although originally a two-part exam, the current examination is 3 parts, consisting of 2 written papers (Paper A and Paper B) and a clinical exam (CASC). Paper A focuses on Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Psychology and theory, while Paper B focuses on Current Clinical Practice & Evidence within General Adult and the various subspecialties of Psychiatry, Epidemiology, Statistics, Critical Appraisal and Psychotherapy The Royal college of psychiatrists has announced the change of format of the CASC exam changes for the exam in January 2018. The 4 linked stations in the morning session will now become 8 single stations with 4 minute to read and 7 minutes to complete the task. 6 of these will be patient management focus and the other 2 history taking. The other 8 single stations remain the same format 90 s to read and 7 minutes for the exam.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Prosthetics
A prosthetic is an artificial device to replace missing or lost limbs; these instances are mainly contributed to amputation. 
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Approaches Utilizing Macrophage-Derived iNOS/NO in Cancer
Nitric oxide and its production by iNOS is an established mechanism critical to tumor promotion or suppression. Macrophages have important roles in immunity, development, and progression of cancer and have a controversial role in pro-and anti-tumoral effects. The tumor microenvironment consists of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), among other cell types that influence the fate of the growing tumor. Depending on the microenvironment and various cues, macrophages polarize into a continuum represented by the M1-like pro-inflammatory phenotype or the anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotype; these two are predominant, while there are subsets and intermediates. Manipulating their plasticity through programming or reprogramming of M2-like to M1-like phenotypes presents the opportunity to maximize tumoricidal defenses. The dual role of iNOS derived NO also influences TAM activity by repolarization to tumoricidal M1-type phenotype. Regulatory pathways and immunomodulation achieve this through miRNA that may inhibit the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
This entry mainly describes the patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) in preterm infants with a special focus on it's effect on pulmonary vasculature. It also reviews the role of cardiac catheterization as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of a longstanding large PDA. It introduces the possible management strategies available in the cardiac catheterization laboratory for a preterm infants with a PDA and pulmonary hypertension. 
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Herbal Medicine and Pain Management
Complementary and alternative medicines such as herbal medicines are not currently part of the conventional medical system. As the popularity of and global market for herbal medicine grows among all age groups, with supporting scientific data and clinical trials, specific alternative treatments such as herbal medicine can be reclassified as a practice of conventional medicine. One of the most common conditions for which adults use herbal medicine is pain.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Prescription Costs
Prescription costs are a common health care cost for many people and also the source of economic hardship for some.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasound Contrast Agents for Therapy
The blood-brain barrier is the primary obstacle to efficient intracerebral drug delivery. Focused ultrasound, in conjunction with microbubbles, is a targeted and non-invasive way to disrupt the blood-brain barrier. Many commercially available ultrasound contrast agents and agents specifically designed for therapeutic purposes have been investigated in ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening studies. The new generation of sono-sensitive agents, such as liquid-core droplets, can also potentially disrupt the blood-brain barrier after their ultrasound-induced vaporization. 
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Jan 2021
Topic Review
A Regulatory Perspective on Biosimilar Medicines
By definition, biosimilar medicinal products are biological medicinal products that are similar to other biological medicinal products that are already on the market—the reference medicinal products.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Obesity Pathogenesis: Role of CNS
Obesity is a serious health problem because it is rapidly expanding and at the origin of intense morbidity and mortality, especially due to the diabetes that accompanies it.It is not possible to cure it effectively, except with bariatric surgery, which is highly invasive and with many limitations. Trying to understand the mechanism of this efficacy, the studies point towards the correction of the altered control by the CNS of food intake and energy homeostasis. At the biomolecular level, the possibility of a pharmacological therapy based on the modulation of the post-synaptic receptors of glutamate, in particular of the NMDA GluN2A and GluN2B subunits, is foreseen.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Dec 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 48
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback