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Topic Review
Visual Field Test
A visual field test is an eye examination that can detect dysfunction in central and peripheral vision which may be caused by various medical conditions such as glaucoma, stroke, pituitary disease, brain tumours or other neurological deficits. Visual field testing can be performed clinically by keeping the subject's gaze fixed while presenting objects at various places within their visual field. Simple manual equipment can be used such as in the tangent screen test or the Amsler grid. When dedicated machinery is used it is called a perimeter. The exam may be performed by a technician in one of several ways. The test may be performed by a technician directly, with the assistance of a machine, or completely by an automated machine. Machine-based tests aid diagnostics by allowing a detailed printout of the patient's visual field. Other names for this test may include perimetry, Tangent screen exam, Automated perimetry exam, Goldmann visual field exam, or brand names such as Humphrey Field Analyzer, Octopus Perimeter, Optopol PTS perimeter, Oculus Easyfield perimeter, Olleyes VisuALL, etc.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Adenomyoma
The term ‘adenomyoma’ was coined around the year 1880 to designate the majority of mucosa-containing lesions related to the female genital tract. Currently, the term is more commonly applied to localised adenomyosis of the uterus.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Stingless Bee Honey as Antidepressant
Depression is a debilitating psychiatric disorder impacting an individual’s quality of life. Conventional treatments include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Despite numerous pharmacological strategies utilising conventional drugs, the discovery of alternative medicines from natural products is a must for safer and beneficial brain supplement. Stingless bee honey (SBH) has been proven to contain a high level of antioxidants compared to other types of honey. 
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
2018 AAA 400 Drive for Autism
NASCAR race report The 2018 AAA 400 Drive for Autism was a Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race held on May 6, 2018, at Dover International Speedway in Dover, Delaware. Contested over 400 laps on the 1-mile (1.6 km) concrete speedway, it was the 11th race of the 2018 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series season.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Licorice on Oral Health
Licorice (Radix glycyrrhizae) is a plant root extract widely used in various applications, including cosmetics, food supplements, and traditional medicine. It has a long history of medicinal use in different cultures due to its diverse pharmacological properties. Licorice has traditionally been used for treating gastrointestinal problems, respiratory infections, cough, bronchitis, arthritis, and skin conditions. The potential therapeutic benefits of licorice for oral health have gained significant interest.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of severe visual loss among the elderly. AMD patients are tormented by progressive central blurring/loss of vision and have limited therapeutic options to date. Drusen accumulation causing retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell damage is the hallmark of AMD pathogenesis, in which oxidative stress and inflammation are the well-known molecular mechanisms.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a mental disorder in children and adolescents characterized by a persistently irritable or angry mood and frequent temper outbursts that are disproportionate to the situation and significantly more severe than the typical reaction of same-aged peers. DMDD was added to the DSM-5 as a type of depressive disorder diagnosis for youths. The symptoms of DMDD resemble those of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), anxiety disorders, and childhood bipolar disorder. DMDD first appeared as a disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) in 2013 and is classified as a mood disorder. Treatments include medication to manage mood symptoms as well as individual and family therapy to address emotion-regulation skills. Children with DMDD are at risk for developing depression and anxiety later in life.
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  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Prosthetics
A prosthetic is an artificial device to replace missing or lost limbs; these instances are mainly contributed to amputation. 
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Approaches Utilizing Macrophage-Derived iNOS/NO in Cancer
Nitric oxide and its production by iNOS is an established mechanism critical to tumor promotion or suppression. Macrophages have important roles in immunity, development, and progression of cancer and have a controversial role in pro-and anti-tumoral effects. The tumor microenvironment consists of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), among other cell types that influence the fate of the growing tumor. Depending on the microenvironment and various cues, macrophages polarize into a continuum represented by the M1-like pro-inflammatory phenotype or the anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotype; these two are predominant, while there are subsets and intermediates. Manipulating their plasticity through programming or reprogramming of M2-like to M1-like phenotypes presents the opportunity to maximize tumoricidal defenses. The dual role of iNOS derived NO also influences TAM activity by repolarization to tumoricidal M1-type phenotype. Regulatory pathways and immunomodulation achieve this through miRNA that may inhibit the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Medicine
With an increased number of medical data generated every day, there is a strong need for reliable, automated evaluation tools. With high hopes and expectations, machine learning has the potential to revolutionize many fields of medicine, helping to make faster and more correct decisions and improving current standards of treatment. Today, machines can analyze, learn, communicate, and understand processed data and are used in health care increasingly.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Social Image of Nursing
Nursing is a discipline on which stereotypes have persisted throughout its history, considering itself a feminine profession and subordinated to the medical figure, without its own field of competence. All this leads to an image of the Nursing Profession that moves away from reality, constituting a real, relevant and high-impact problem that prevents professional expansion, and that has a direct impact on social trust, the allocation of resources and quality of care, as well as wages and professional satisfaction.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
This entry mainly describes the patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) in preterm infants with a special focus on it's effect on pulmonary vasculature. It also reviews the role of cardiac catheterization as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of a longstanding large PDA. It introduces the possible management strategies available in the cardiac catheterization laboratory for a preterm infants with a PDA and pulmonary hypertension. 
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Ultrasound Contrast Agents for Therapy
The blood-brain barrier is the primary obstacle to efficient intracerebral drug delivery. Focused ultrasound, in conjunction with microbubbles, is a targeted and non-invasive way to disrupt the blood-brain barrier. Many commercially available ultrasound contrast agents and agents specifically designed for therapeutic purposes have been investigated in ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening studies. The new generation of sono-sensitive agents, such as liquid-core droplets, can also potentially disrupt the blood-brain barrier after their ultrasound-induced vaporization. 
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Timeline of Yellow Fever
This is a timeline of yellow fever. Major events such as historical epidemics and medical developments are described.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Chondrocyte Sheets
Chondrocyte sheets can be created without using material such as animal-derived collagen by using temperature-responsive culture devices such as thermo-responsive polymer grafted culture dishes, where cells can adhere, proliferate, and form into a sheet.  Hyaline cartilage regeneration by autologous chondrocyte sheets has already been demonstrated in clinical research.　Chondrocyte sheet transplantation is a novel and promising approach to treating patients who have cartilage defects associated with osteoarthritis.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
MRCPsych
MRCPsych (Member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists) is a postnominal qualification awarded to physicians who have completed the prescribed training requirements and membership examinations mandated by the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Candidates must be registered with the GMC or a recognized medical board in their own country and should have undergone three years of training. Although initially a two-part exam, the examination has undergone a radical change in the past few years, notably in terms of focus and structure. Although originally a two-part exam, the current examination is 3 parts, consisting of 2 written papers (Paper A and Paper B) and a clinical exam (CASC). Paper A focuses on Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Psychology and theory, while Paper B focuses on Current Clinical Practice & Evidence within General Adult and the various subspecialties of Psychiatry, Epidemiology, Statistics, Critical Appraisal and Psychotherapy The Royal college of psychiatrists has announced the change of format of the CASC exam changes for the exam in January 2018. The 4 linked stations in the morning session will now become 8 single stations with 4 minute to read and 7 minutes to complete the task. 6 of these will be patient management focus and the other 2 history taking. The other 8 single stations remain the same format 90 s to read and 7 minutes for the exam.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
A Regulatory Perspective on Biosimilar Medicines
By definition, biosimilar medicinal products are biological medicinal products that are similar to other biological medicinal products that are already on the market—the reference medicinal products.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Herbal Medicine and Pain Management
Complementary and alternative medicines such as herbal medicines are not currently part of the conventional medical system. As the popularity of and global market for herbal medicine grows among all age groups, with supporting scientific data and clinical trials, specific alternative treatments such as herbal medicine can be reclassified as a practice of conventional medicine. One of the most common conditions for which adults use herbal medicine is pain.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Dermatophytoses
Dermatophytoses affect about 25% of the world population, and the filamentous fungus Trichophyton rubrum is the main causative agent of this group of diseases. Dermatomycoses are caused by pathogenic fungi that generally trigger superficial infections and that feed on keratinized substrates such as skin, hair, and nails. However, there are an increasing number of reports describing dermatophytes that invade deep layers such as the dermis and hypodermis and that can cause deep infections in diabetic and immunocompromised patients, as well as in individuals with immunodeficiency. Despite the high incidence and importance of dermatophytes in clinical mycology, the diagnosis of this type of infection is not always accurate. The conventional methods most commonly used for mycological diagnosis are based on the identification of microbiological and biochemical features.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Prescription Costs
Prescription costs are a common health care cost for many people and also the source of economic hardship for some.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Dec 2022
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