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Topic Review
Ionic liquids and Biorefineries Design
A brief overview of the increasing applicability of Process Systems Engineering (PSE) tools in two research areas, which are the design of ionic liquids and the design of integrated biorefineries, is presented. The development and advances of novel computational tools and optimization approaches in recent years have enabled these applications with practical results. A general introduction to ionic liquids and their various applications is presented followed by the major challenges in the design of optimal ionic liquids. Significant improvements in computational efficiency have made it possible to provide more reliable data for optimal system design, minimize the production cost of ionic liquids, and reduce the environmental impact caused by such solvents. A review of the recent developments in PSE applications in the field of integrated biorefineries is then presented. Various value-added products could be processed by the integrated biorefinery aided with applications of PSE tools with the aim of enhancing the sustainability performance in terms of economic, environmental, and social impacts. The application of molecular design tools in the design of integrated biorefineries is also highlighted. Major developments in the application of ionic liquids in integrated biorefineries have been emphasized. This paper is concluded by highlighting the major opportunities for further research in these two research areas and the areas for possible integration of these research fields.
  • 892
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Magnetoplasmonics
Magneto-optics examines light in magnetic fields (externally applied or from a magnetised material medium). Michael Faraday discovered in 1845 that linearly polarised light rotates in a magnetic field in transmission mode, and John Kerr studied magnet-polarized light 30 years later. Faraday and Kerr's magneto-optics effects helped establish electromagnetic theory and advance technology. The Faraday effect is used in non-reciprocal optical devices and laser systems. The Kerr effect is used for spectroscopy and data storage. The search for new and improved materials and theoretical work, including developing new sensitivity metrics, continued. As a result, plasmonics (mangetoplasmonics) has pioneered from fundamental studies to potential applications in a wide range of industries.
  • 889
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Wastewater-Based Epidemiology
Wastewater-based epidemiology describes the idea of early detection of a virus, e.g., SARS-CoV-2, in wastewater in order to focus on the area of virus occurrence and supplement the results obtained from clinical examination. By monitoring temporal variation in viral loads in wastewater in combination with other analysis, a virus outbreak can be detected and its spread can be suppressed early. The use of biosensors for virus detection also seems to be an interesting application. Biosensors are highly sensitive, selective, and portable and offer a way for fast analysis.
  • 887
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Joint Homeostasis and Osteoarthritis
As a hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA), structural and functional disturbances of the subchondral bone are associated with osteocyte dysfunction. Osteocytes act as mechanosensory units for micro-cracks in response to loading, and as the regulator of osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities. Aberrant expressions of osteocyte-derived signaling molecules likely underlie the anomalies seen in osteocyte morphology and bone remodelling.
  • 886
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Nosocomial Infections and Role of Nanotechnology
Nosocomial infections, termed hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), are acquired from a healthcare or hospital setting. HAI is mainly caused by bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterococci spp., Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and many more. Due to growing antibacterial resistance, nanotechnology has paved the way for more potent and sensitive methods of detecting and treating bacterial infections.
  • 885
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Sensorless/Sensor-Based Upper Limb Exoskeletons
Sensorless and sensor-based upper limb exoskeletons that enhance or support daily motor function are limited for children.
  • 882
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Automated Insulin Delivery Systems
Automated insulin delivery systems are automated (or semi-automated) systems designed to assist people with diabetes, primarily type 1, by automatically adjusting insulin delivery to help them control their blood glucose levels. Currently available systems (as of October, 2020) can only deliver (and regulate delivery of) a single hormone- insulin. Other systems currently in development aim to improve on current systems by adding one or more additional hormones that can be delivered as needed, providing something closer to the endocrine functionality of a healthy pancreas. The endocrine functionality of the pancreas is provided by islet cells which produce the hormones insulin and glucagon. Artificial pancreatic technology mimics the secretion of these hormones into the bloodstream in response to the body's changing blood glucose levels. Maintaining balanced blood sugar levels is crucial to the function of the brain, liver, and kidneys. Therefore, for type 1 patients, it is necessary that the levels be kept balanced when the body cannot produce insulin itself. Automated insulin delivery systems are often referred to using the term artificial pancreas, but the term has no precise, universally accepted definition. For uses other than automated insulin delivery, see Artificial pancreas (disambiguation).
  • 878
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Coronaviruses Specification Based on Biosensor Techniques
Life was once normal before the first announcement of COVID-19’s first case in Wuhan, China, and what was slowly spreading became an overnight worldwide pandemic. Ever since the virus spread at the end of 2019, it has been morphing and rapidly adapting to human nature changes which cause difficult conundrums in the efforts of fighting it. 
  • 877
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Flexible Micro Light-Emitting Diodes
The μLED has been spotlighted as a novel fusion technology of information technology (IT) and nanotechnology (NT) and is proposed as the next-generation light source to solve numerous problems of existing OLED and QLED displays (e.g., afterimage, burn-in effect, heat/water instability, and slow response time).
  • 868
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
CaP-Based Coatings Fabricated by PLD
Pulsed Laser Deposition is an atractive technique used for coating dental and orthopedic implants with various biomaterials, including calcium phosphate-based ones.
  • 865
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Emerging Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diagnostics
COPD is a progressive lung disease described as accelerated lung aging. The aging, in addition to environmental exposures, increase inflammatory–oxidative stress and cellular senescence, resulting in irreversible lung disease progression from mild to severe emphysema.
  • 864
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Imaging Labels for Nanotheranostics in Cancer Treatment
For targeted nanoDDS, imaging serves as a “pilot” evaluation of where a targeted Nanoparticles (NPs) localizes, shedding light on “on-target efficiency”. The image-guided treatment regime can also facilitate identifying patients who lack the common target and will not respond to treatment, which is critical for treatment planning. Designing nanotheranostic particles with high efficiency and translational potential demands careful choice of the composition of NPs, imaging labels to be added to the NPs, in addition to their target of choice and cargo to be delivered.
  • 864
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Mitigation of Virus Filter Fouling
Even though the support structure of the virus filter can function as an inline prefilter, significant fouling is often observed due to the product- and process-related foulants could be present in the feed stream. Standard practice involves the inclusion of a virus prefilter to remove these contaminants. Virus prefilters may rely on one or more mechanisms of action for the removal of foulants.
  • 862
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Optical Biosensors for COVID-19 and Other Viruses Diagnosis
The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a huge concern globally because of the astounding increase in mortality rates worldwide. The medical imaging computed tomography technique, whole-genome sequencing, and electron microscopy are the methods generally used for the screening and identification of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
  • 862
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Craniofacial Bone Tissue Engineering
Craniofacial Bone Tissue Engineering aims to regenerate large bone defects in the craniofacial region that cannot heal spontaneously. Bone is a hard-vascularized tissue, which renews itself continuously to adapt to the mechanical and metabolic demands of the body. The craniofacial area is prone to trauma and pathologies that often result in large bone damage, thus leading to both aesthetic and functional complications for the patients. The “gold standard” for treating these large defects is autologous bone grafting, which has various drawbacks, such as the necessity for a harvesting site with sufficient bone volume, considerable morbidity and infection. Indeed, tissue engineering combining a biomaterial with the appropriate cells and molecules of interest would allow a new therapeutic approach to treat large bone defects while minimizing surgical complications. 
  • 861
  • 21 May 2021
Topic Review
Image-Guided Nanotherapeutic Delivery
A certain class of multifunctional nanomaterials serves as a delivery platform for controlled drug release under image guidance. They have shown significant therapeutic potential and broad applications whereas their design specifics remain a subject of continued interest primarily due to multifunctional factors involved, ranging from nanomaterial properties, imaging modalities, and therapeutic agents to activation strategies.
  • 860
  • 25 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Electrospinning for Neural Applications
Electrospinning is a fabrication technique used to produce nano- or micro- diameter fibers to generate biocompatible, biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Electrospun fiber scaffolds are advantageous for neural regeneration because they mimic the structure of the nervous system extracellular matrix and provide contact guidance for regenerating axons. Glia are non-neuronal regulatory cells that maintain homeostasis in the healthy nervous system and regulate regeneration in the injured nervous system. Electrospun fiber scaffolds offer a wide range of characteristics, such as fiber alignment, diameter, surface nanotopography, and surface chemistry that can be engineered to achieve a desired glial cell response to injury. Further, electrospun fibers can be loaded with drugs, nucleic acids, or proteins to provide local, sustained release of such therapeutics to alter glial cell phenotype to better support regeneration.
  • 860
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Physiological and Biomechanical Monitoring in American Football Players
American football is the sport with the highest rates of concussion injuries. Biomedical engineering applications may support athletes in monitoring their injuries, evaluating the effectiveness of their equipment, and leading industrial research in this sport. 
  • 858
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Computational Biomechanics for Surgical Procedures and Devices Investigation
Biomechanical investigations of surgical procedures and devices are usually developed by means of human or animal models. The exploitation of computational methods and tools can reduce, refine, and replace (3R) the animal experimentations for scientific purposes and for pre-clinical research. The computational model of a biological structure characterizes both its geometrical conformation and the mechanical behavior of its building tissues. Model development requires coupled experimental and computational activities. Medical images and anthropometric information provide the geometrical definition of the computational model. Histological investigations and mechanical tests on tissue samples allow for characterizing biological tissues’ mechanical response by means of constitutive models. The assessment of computational model reliability requires comparing model results and data from further experimentations. Computational methods allow for the in-silico analysis of surgical procedures and devices’ functionality considering many different influencing variables, the experimental investigation of which should be extremely expensive and time consuming. 
  • 856
  • 08 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Assessment of Motor Evoked Potentials in Multiple Sclerosis
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive technique mainly used for the assessment of corticospinal tract integrity and excitability of the primary motor cortices. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) play a pivotal role in TMS studies.
  • 852
  • 13 Jan 2023
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