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Topic Review
B-Lymphocytes in Progression to Osteoporosis
B-lymphocytes—typically appreciated for their canonical role in adaptive, humoral immunity—have emerged as critical regulators of bone remodeling. B-lymphocytes communicate with osteoclasts and osteoblasts through various cytokines, including IL-7, RANK, and OPG. In inflammatory conditions, B-lymphocytes promote osteoclast activation and differentiation. However, B-lymphocytes also possess immunomodulatory properties, with regulatory B-lymphocytes (Bregs) secreting TGF-β1 to restrain pathogenic osteoclastogenesis. 
  • 503
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Forefoot Function after Hallux Valgus Surgery
The load integrals (impulse) over the central metatarsal region significantly increased, indicating that surgeries increased the risk of transfer metatarsalgia. There is no solid evidence that hallux valgus (HV) surgeries could improve forefoot functions from a biomechanical point perspective. Surgeries might reduce the plantar load over the hallux and adversely affect push-off function. 
  • 502
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Fetal Anomaly Detection
Fetal development is a critical phase in prenatal care, demanding the timely identification of anomalies in ultrasound images to safeguard the well-being of both the unborn child and the mother. Medical imaging has played a pivotal role in detecting fetal abnormalities and malformations. However, despite significant advances in ultrasound technology, the accurate identification of irregularities in prenatal images continues to pose considerable challenges, often necessitating substantial time and expertise from medical professionals. 
  • 500
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Head–Neck Cancer Delineation
Head–Neck Cancer (HNC) has a relevant impact on the oncology patient population and for this reason, the present review is dedicated to this type of neoplastic disease. In particular, a collection of methods aimed at tumor delineation is presented, because this is a fundamental task to perform efficient radiotherapy. 
  • 498
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nanomaterial-Based Aptasensors
Nanomaterial-Based aptasensors are used in rapid and accurate diagnosis of various biomarkers associated with medical conditions including early detection of viruses and bacteria.
  • 495
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Engineered Vasculature
Engineered vasculature refers to the creation or fabrication of artificial blood vessel networks within biological systems or tissue constructs by combining organ-specific cells and vasculature cells, scaffolds, and biologically active molecules to form functional tissues. Engineered vasculature is inspired by the structure and function of the natural vascular system that facilitates nutrients and oxygen exchange between cells and blood vessels. It has been used to study vascular pathophysiology, vasculature–organ interaction, and drug and cell trans-endothelium trafficking. In particular, it has been applied in cancer research to study angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and metastasis. Moreover, engineered vascular conduits that are usually large vessels (>1 cm3) have been used for regenerative purposes, replacing large dysfunctional arteria.
  • 494
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
3D Bioprinting Skin
3D bioprinting is considered to have a significant impact in the field of tissue engineering, as tissue-scaled large analogs can be fabricated with submicron fidelity. 3D bioprinted skin equivalents are highlighted as the new gold standard for alternative models to animal testing, as well as full-thickness wound healing. 
  • 493
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Yoga Using Intelligent Internet of Things
The detection and monitoring of the yoga postures are possible with the Intelligent Internet of Things (IIoT), which is the integration of intelligent approaches (machine learning) and the Internet of Things (IoT). Considering the increment in yoga practitioners, the integration of IIoT and yoga has led to the successful implementation of IIoT-based yoga training systems.
  • 492
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Preparation Techniques of Cu-Doped Ti Implants
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been extensively used as implant materials in clinical practice due to their high corrosion resistance, light weight and excellent biocompatibility. However, the insufficient intrinsic osteogenic capacity of Ti and its alloys impedes bone repair and regeneration, and implant-related infection or inflammation remains the leading cause of implant failure. Bacterial infections or inflammatory diseases constitute severe threats to human health. The physicochemical properties of the material are critical to the success of clinical procedures, and the doping of Cu into Ti implants has been confirmed to be capable of enhancing the bone repair/regeneration, angiogenesis and antibacterial capability. 
  • 489
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Magnetoplasmonics
Magneto-optics examines light in magnetic fields (externally applied or from a magnetised material medium). Michael Faraday discovered in 1845 that linearly polarised light rotates in a magnetic field in transmission mode, and John Kerr studied magnet-polarized light 30 years later. Faraday and Kerr's magneto-optics effects helped establish electromagnetic theory and advance technology. The Faraday effect is used in non-reciprocal optical devices and laser systems. The Kerr effect is used for spectroscopy and data storage. The search for new and improved materials and theoretical work, including developing new sensitivity metrics, continued. As a result, plasmonics (mangetoplasmonics) has pioneered from fundamental studies to potential applications in a wide range of industries.
  • 489
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Soft Polymer-Based Technique for Cellular Force Sensing
Soft polymers have emerged as a vital type of material adopted in biomedical engineering to perform various biomechanical characterisations such as sensing cellular forces. Distinct advantages of these materials used in cellular force sensing include maintaining normal functions of cells, resembling in vivo mechanical characteristics, and adapting to the customised functionality demanded in individual applications. A wide range of techniques has been developed with various designs and fabrication processes for the desired soft polymeric structures, as well as measurement methodologies in sensing cellular forces. 
  • 488
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Genome-Editing Approaches toward Post-Implanted Fetuses in Mice
At least four ways have been known for induction of genome editing in individuals: the first is to perform genome editing at zygote stage; the second is at post-implanted stages, as exemplified by the mid-gestational stages (E9 to E15), which is called “in utero genome editing”; the third is at the mid-gestational stages, as exemplified by tail vein injection of genome editing components into the pregnant females, which is called “transplacental gene delivery to acquire genome-edited fetuses (TPGD-GEF); the last is at the newborn or adult stage, as exemplified by facial or tail vein injection of genome editing components. For fetal genome manipulation, the second and the third approaches can be employed. Here, detailed explanation of TPGD-GEF, and limitations of and possibilities for in utero genome editing and TPGD-GEF will be shown.
  • 488
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Data Augmentation-Based Brain Tumor Detection
Brain tumor is a severe cancer and a life-threatening disease. Thus, early detection is crucial in the process of treatment. Recent progress in the field of deep learning has contributed enormously to the health industry medical diagnosis. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been intensively used as a deep learning approach to detect brain tumors using MRI images. Due to the limited dataset, deep learning algorithms and CNNs should be improved to be more efficient.
  • 487
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Organ-on-Chip Devices
Organ-on-chip devices have provided the pharmaceutical and tissue engineering worlds much hope since they arrived and began to grow in sophistication. However, limitations for their applicability were soon realized as they lacked real-time monitoring and sensing capabilities. The users of these devices relied solely on endpoint analysis for the results of their tests, which created a chasm in the understanding of life between the lab the natural world. However, this gap is being bridged with sensors that are integrated into organ-on-chip devices.
  • 481
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Multiscale Bone Damage
The investigation of bone damage processes is a crucial point to understand the mechanisms of age-related bone fractures. In order to reduce their impact, early diagnosis is key. The intricate architecture of bone and the complexity of multiscale damage processes make fracture prediction an ambitious goal. 
  • 480
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Failure Analysis of TEVG’s I
Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts (TEVGs) are a promising alternative to treat vascular diseases. However, the interactions between the material and the biological and hemodynamic environment are still to be understood and optimization of the rational design of vascular grafts is an open challenge.  Considering the general stages of integration of vascular grafts, this review aims to analyze the key points leading either to regeneration or failure of vascular grafts related to the acute inflammatory responses. 
  • 480
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Application of VCSEL in Bio-Sensing Atomic Magnetometers
There is a rapid development of chip-scale atomic devices due to their great potential in the field of biomedical imaging, namely chip-scale atomic magnetometers that enable high resolution magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). For atomic devices of this kind, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) have become the most crucial components as integrated pumping sources, which are attracting growing interest.
  • 479
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Automated Insulin Delivery Systems
Automated insulin delivery systems are automated (or semi-automated) systems designed to assist people with diabetes, primarily type 1, by automatically adjusting insulin delivery to help them control their blood glucose levels. Currently available systems (as of October, 2020) can only deliver (and regulate delivery of) a single hormone- insulin. Other systems currently in development aim to improve on current systems by adding one or more additional hormones that can be delivered as needed, providing something closer to the endocrine functionality of a healthy pancreas. The endocrine functionality of the pancreas is provided by islet cells which produce the hormones insulin and glucagon. Artificial pancreatic technology mimics the secretion of these hormones into the bloodstream in response to the body's changing blood glucose levels. Maintaining balanced blood sugar levels is crucial to the function of the brain, liver, and kidneys. Therefore, for type 1 patients, it is necessary that the levels be kept balanced when the body cannot produce insulin itself. Automated insulin delivery systems are often referred to using the term artificial pancreas, but the term has no precise, universally accepted definition. For uses other than automated insulin delivery, see Artificial pancreas (disambiguation).
  • 475
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning-Enhanced Biosensors for Non-Invasive Sampling
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of widespread testing for SARS-CoV-2, leading to the development of various new testing methods. However, traditional invasive sampling methods can be uncomfortable and even painful, creating barriers to testing accessibility. 
  • 471
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Novel Application for MRI Segmentation of Brain Resection
Delineation of resected brain cavities on magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of epilepsy surgery patients is essential for neuroimaging/neurophysiology studies investigating biomarkers of the epileptogenic zone. The gold standard to delineate the resection on MRI remains manual slice-by-slice tracing by experts. Here, the researchers proposed and validated a semiautomated MRI segmentation pipeline, generating an accurate model of the resection and its anatomical labeling, and developed a graphical user interface (GUI) for user-friendly usage. 
  • 470
  • 18 May 2022
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