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Topic Review
The Nara Palace Site
The Nara period in Japan was a short but volatile historical era that left behind a huge amount of cultural property across the country. Most of the related sites have been recognized by UNESCO as deserving of World Cultural Heritage status or are classified by the Japanese government as particularly important national heritage. This is especially true of the Nara Palace site, with its outstanding conservation achievements and reconstruction of Japanese architectural heritage.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Circum-Saharan Prehistory through the Lens of mtDNA Diversity
African history has been significantly influenced by the Sahara, which has represented a barrier for migrations of all living beings, including humans. Major exceptions were the gene flow events that took place between North African and sub-Saharan populations during the so-called African Humid Periods, especially in the Early Holocene (11.5 to 5.5 thousand years ago), and more recently in connection with trans-Saharan commercial routes. The research indicates that maternal gene flow must have been important in this circum-Saharan space, not only within North Africa and the Sahel/Savannah belt but also between these two regions.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Direct Rock Art Dating in China
This paper summarizes the scientific study of rock art in China, focusing on the direct dating of rock art. It pays particular attention to the recent work of the International Centre for Rock Art Dating (ICRAD) at Hebei Normal University and explains the problems of the uranium-thorium analysis of reprecipitated calcium-carbonate skins related to rock art.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Wall Mosaics: on-site non-invasive diagnostics
This entry concerns the challenges and perspectives of on-site non-invasive measurements applied to valuable wall mosaics. The choice of the appropriate technique or combination of different techniques depends on a variety of factors: the depth of investigation, the resolution, the possibility to have direct contact with the surfaces or, on the contrary, limited accessibility of the wall mosaics due to their location (e.g., vaults), as well as deterioration problems, (e.g., voids, detachments, or humidity effects). This entry illustrates briefly the current state of the art in the field of non-invasive diagnostic methodsavailable for the study of wall mosaics (IRT, GPR, DHSPI, DHSPI-SIRT, SLDV, HSR), considering their potentials, limitations and future development frontiers. 
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
NDT Methodology for Copper-Based Artifacts
The great archaeological and artistic value of historic copper-based artifacts from various archaeological sites of Greece results in the restriction or even the prohibition of sampling, settling the need for the employment of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques. X-ray fluorescence (XRF), fiber optics diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray detector (ESEM-EDX).
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Paleoparasitology
Paleoparasitology aims to study the natural history of parasitic organisms through the recovery of their preserved remains in archaeological, paleontological, paleoecological, and medical contexts. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Roman Houses of Armea (Allariz, Ourense)
Francisco Conde-Valvís’s so-called “stone treasure” is a set of unique carved stone pieces, such as bases, column shafts, a mortar, and decorated fragments (trisqueles and rosettes), found during the 2018 excavation campaign in the Cibdá de Armea (Allariz, Ourense). They had been piled up and re-buried—no records existed as to where—at the western end of the Finca de A Atalaia, which was excavated in the 1950s under the direction of Conde-Valvís and began to be excavated again in 2011.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ancient Urban Land-Use Based on Geographic Information System
As ancient cities are spaces that represent the development of civilization, it is worth exploring and studying their characteristics and conceptions of land use. The city plan was calibrated with the help of satellite remote sensing images and sites. By constructing the “urban element area acquisition and analysis model”, various operations for areas in the city plan were realized, including an area value calculation, land use structure calculation, area modulus analysis, area ratio analysis between areas, and determination of the cultural significance of numbers and ratios. Taking the Sui and Tang dynasties capital city of Chang'an as an example, it will be described in detail below.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Ramateertham
Ramateertham is a village panchayat in Nellimarla mandal of Vizianagaram district in Andhra Pradesh in India . It is about 12 km from Vizianagaram city. It is a famous Pilgrimage and also Ancient Historical Site since 3rd Century BCE. There is a post office at Ramateertham. The PIN code is 535218.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Paleopathology in Bone Material from the Anthropology Laboratory of the University of Granada
The Field Guide “Paleopathology Collection at the University of Granada” includes one of the most important collections of human bone remains that present anomalies or specific characteristics that can be used to determine the existence of diseases, accidents or malformations in each subject’s life, as well as the probable cause of death. The collection consists of several thousand skeletons or parts of them. It is located at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Granada and has been created and managed by Professor Miguel C. Botella López, founder and director of the Anthropology Laboratory of the University of Granada, between 1971 and 2024. Professor Botella is the author of the diagnoses made for each specimen from different geographical areas of Spain in a time period ranging from the Neolithic to the present day. The collection is of special interest to students and professionals in medicine, archaeology, criminology or law.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Grapevine Relevance and Grapevine in near East Origins
The origins of the main cultivar groups of Vitis vinifera, their relationships with wild grapevine populations, and the use of other Vitaceae are relevant issues for the improvement and conservation of Vitis diversity. Morphometric studies, domestication indices, multivariate analyses, and Bayesian hypothesis testing have been used. 
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
HBIM between Antiquity and Industrial Archaeology
Industrial heritage with secular production activity constitutes a specific field of application to refine digital tools for knowledge within the HBIM (Heritage Building Information Modeling) process. Industrial sites are traditionally linked to the exploitation of local resources, and, not infrequently, are settled by recovering the ruins of ancient buildings and monuments. There is the possibility of creating a diachronic HBIM to investigate a complex industrial heritage, its evolution and production phases, modeling components for this type of architecture, with the deepening of the LOD of BIM (Building Information Modeling) instances applied to machines. The application represents an augmented knowledge process applicable on industrial heritage through modeling instances of machines and industrial processes that would allow regional and transnational cross-sectional studies and the enhancement of fruition and reuse of these sites.
  • 950
  • 01 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Digitized 3D Models Published by Archaeological Museums
The utilization of 3D digital technologies in the realm of cultural heritage is found to provide substantial support in the formulation of strategies aimed at mitigating the deterioration and loss of original materials. Their adoption is determined not only by their efficacy in facilitating the work of conservators while adhering to the principles of compatibility, reversibility, and non-invasiveness but also by the potential for preserving digital models and promoting dissemination in the scientific community.
  • 902
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Global Food Security Assessment during 1961-2019
Quantified components of the global food system are used to assess long-term global food security under a series of socio-economic, epidemic normalization and climate change scenarios.
  • 889
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Etiopathogenic Theories of Idiopathic Megacolon
Idiopathic megacolon is a condition characterized by an enlarged colon and aperistaltic syndrome in the absence of a detectable cause. The main symptom is considered chronic constipation, refractory to drug treatment and without surgical indication. IM affects both sexes and the symptoms develop early in childhood or in adulthood.
  • 864
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Technology
Mass spectrometry, chromatography, spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic, proteomics, and immunoassay are used to analyse protein materials. Proteomics techniques and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology are two of the most common methods for detecting ancient proteins.
  • 850
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cova de la Sarsa (València, Spain)
Cova de la Sarsa (València, Spain) is one of the most important Neolithic impressed ware culture archaeological sites in the Western Mediterranean. It has been widely referenced since it was excavated in the 1920s, due partly to the relatively early excavation and publication of the site, and partly to the qualitative and quantitative importance of its archaeological remains. 
  • 837
  • 15 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Partnership Development at the University–Industry–Government Nexus
The increasingly entrepreneurial intent of universities implies the commercialization of knowledge and innovation through the triple helix of interactions between universities, industry and government. However, there remains a lack of clarity concerning best practice partnerships for innovation. 
  • 784
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Analysis of Ancient Bones
The analysis of bone microstructure and histological examination currently provides valuable insights into various facets of bone biology, ancient human existence, and bone-related diseases.
  • 761
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Site Sesselfelsgrotte
Both the nature and the scope of fire use by Neanderthals in Europe are often debated, as some scholars advocate limited use, without the capability to produce fire at will and with full reliance on natural fire occurrences, while others suggest advanced use, including fire-production knowledge and the application of pyrotechnologies. 
  • 756
  • 25 Oct 2023
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