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Topic Review
PET Imaging
PET imaging is being increasingly used to supplement MRI in the clinical management of brain tumors. The main radiotracers implemented in clinical practice include [18F]FDG, radiolabeled amino acids ([11C]MET, [18F]FDOPA, [18F]FET) and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-SSTR, targeting glucose metabolism, L-amino-acid transport and somatostatin receptors expression, respectively. 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Rehabilitative Ultrasound Imaging
Los fisioterapeutas utilizan la ecografía de rehabilitación (RUSI) como una herramienta de retroalimentación para medir los cambios en la morfología muscular durante intervenciones terapéuticas como los ejercicios de control motor (MCE). Sin embargo, falta una descripción estructurada de su eficacia.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Interaction between AD and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau, and subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI) is characterized by cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). They are the most common causes of cognitive impairment in the elderly population. Concurrent CSVD burden is more commonly observed in AD-type dementia than in other neurodegenerative diseases. The developments in Aβ and tau positron emission tomography (PET) have enabled the investigation of the relationship between AD biomarkers and CSVD in vivo.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Two-Photon Imaging
Two-photon imaging (2PI) is a fluorescence-based laser scanning microscopy technique commonly used in studies across various fields of research, including neurobiology, embryology, and tissue engineering. In principle, it involves two infrared photons simultaneously exciting a single fluorophore in a sample, thereby causing it to emit light in a specific wavelength region, also called fluorescence emission spectrum. This fluorescence is normally detected in a wavelength region close to the maximum of this spectrum, allowing the sample to be identified based on its specific fluorescent characteristics.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
MRI CNS Atrophy Pattern
MRI shows the three archetypal patterns of CNS volume loss underlying progressive ataxias in vivo, namely spinal atrophy (SA), cortical cerebellar atrophy (CCA) and olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). In line with the neuropathological discoveries of the XIX and XX centuries, MRI confirms today that there are three fundamental distribution patterns of CNS atrophy underlying progressive ataxias in vivo. They are SA, CCA and OPCA and can be inherited or acquired. Although the present trend driven by molecular genetics advances is to split progressive ataxias into hundreds of sometimes very rare conditions, a simple clumping of them according to the MRI-based CNS atrophy pattern is possible and might help diagnosis, possibly improve physiopathology understanding and may even cause future studies to rethink therapies for these uncommon but disabling diseases.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Predictive Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that poses a challenge to clinicians due to its remarkable inter- and intra-individual heterogeneity. MS still lacks specific humoral biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, or progression, but data derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements might represent our best predictive biomarkers to date.
  • 985
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cerebrovascular Diseases
Cerebrovascular diseases are a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. The definition of stroke etiology is mandatory to predict outcome and guide therapeutic decisions. The diagnosis of pathological processes involving intracranial arteries is especially challenging, and the visualization of intracranial arteries’ vessel walls is not possible with routine imaging techniques. Vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (VW-MRI) uses high-resolution, multiparametric MRI sequences to directly visualize intracranial arteries walls and their pathological alterations, allowing a better characterization of their pathology. VW-MRI demonstrated a wide range of clinical applications in acute cerebrovascular disease. Above all, it can be of great utility in the differential diagnosis of atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic intracranial vasculopathies. Additionally, it can be useful in the risk stratification of intracranial atherosclerotic lesions and to assess the risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Recent advances in MRI technology made it more available, but larger studies are still needed to maximize its use in daily clinical practice. 
  • 932
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Radiomics in Clinical Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the loss of neurological function due to a sudden reduction in cerebral blood flow and is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. The field of radiological imaging has experienced growth in recent years, which could be boosted by the advent of artificial intelligence. One of the latest innovations in artificial intelligence is radiomics, which is based on the fact that a large amount of quantitative data can be extracted from radiological images, from which patterns can be identified and associated with specific pathologies. Since its inception, radiomics has been particularly associated with the field of oncology and has shown promising results in a wide range of clinical situations. The performance of radiomics in non-tumour pathologies has been increasingly explored in recent years, and the results continue to be promising. 
  • 902
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Image-Based Glioma Grading
Technological innovation has enabled the development of machine learning (ML) tools that aim to improve the practice of radiologists. In the last decade, ML applications to neuro-oncology have expanded significantly, with the pre-operative prediction of glioma grade using medical imaging as a specific area of interest. 
  • 892
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Safety Related Bioeffects of Clinical Ultrasound Neuromodulation
Transcranial ultrasound holds much potential as a safe, non-invasive modality for navigated neuromodulation, with low-intensity focused ultrasound (FUS) and transcranial pulse stimulation (TPS) representing the two main modalities.
  • 883
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Migraine
Migraine is a burdensome neurological disorder that still lacks clear and easily accessible diagnostic biomarkers. Furthermore, a straightforward pathway is hard to find for migraineurs' management, so the search for response predictors has become urgent. Nowadays, artificial intelligence (AI) has pervaded almost every aspect of our lives, and medicine has not been missed. Its applications are nearly limitless, and the ability to use machine learning approaches has given researchers a chance to give huge amounts of data new insights. When it comes to migraine, AI may play a fundamental role, helping clinicians and patients in many ways. For example, AI-based models can increase diagnostic accuracy, especially for non-headache specialists, and may help in correctly classifying the different groups of patients. Moreover, AI models analysing brain imaging studies reveal promising results in identifying disease biomarkers. Regarding migraine management, AI applications showed value in identifying outcome measures, the best treatment choices, and therapy response prediction.
  • 873
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Spinal Epidural Lipomatosis’ Etiology
Spinal epidural lipomatosis is defined by an excessive amount of epidural fat in the spinal canal, usually in the lumbosacral tract: a well-known cause of lumbar pain and spinal stenosis with a possible wide range of neurological symptoms.
  • 867
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Functionalized Nanomaterials as Theranostic Agents in Brain Imaging
Theranostic nanoparticles in molecular imaging significantly impact non-invasive strategies to understand biological and biochemical events in intact cells within living subjects. It plays a prominent role in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring outcomes in vivo. The theranostic application of nanomaterials can be classified into morphological and functional imaging based on their roles in image contrast abilities during applicable imaging methods.
  • 805
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Glioblastoma Radiomics
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a cancer with poor prognosis, its 5-year survival expectation is approximately 5%. Radiomics is a field of medical imaging analysis that focuses on the extraction of many quantitative imaging features related to shape, intensity and texture. These features are incorporated into models designed to predict important clinical or biological endpoints for patients. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients stand to benefit from this emerging research field as radiomics has the potential to assess the biological heterogeneity of the tumour, which contributes significantly to the inefficacy of current standard of care therapy.
  • 797
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
MRI Response Assessment in Glioblastoma Patients Treated
In order to compare responses to different therapies among clinical trials and to differentiate between therapy-induced changes and true tumor progression, reliable response parameters are crucial. MRI scans were evaluated using MacDonald, RANO, Vol-RANO, mRANO, Vol-mRANO and iRANO criteria. Tumor volumes (T1 contrast-enhancing as well as T2/FLAIR volumes) were calculated by semiautomatic segmentation.
  • 762
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Evaluation of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) refers to the damage suffered in the spinal cord by any trauma or pathology. This work determined whether 99mTc-GA-5, a radiotracer targeting Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), can reveal in vivo the reactivation of astrocytes in a murine model with SCI.
  • 679
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Conventional MRI Characteristics of Peri- and Para-Vascular Spaces
Brain spaces around (perivascular spaces) and alongside (paravascular or Virchow–Robin spaces) vessels have gained significant attention due to the advancements of in vivo imaging tools and to their crucial role in maintaining brain health, contributing to the anatomic foundation of the glymphatic system. In fact, it is widely accepted that peri- and para-vascular spaces function as waste clearance pathways for the brain for materials such as ß-amyloid by allowing exchange between cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid. Visible brain spaces on magnetic resonance imaging are often a normal finding, but they have also been associated with a wide range of neurological and systemic conditions, suggesting their potential as early indicators of intracranial pressure and neurofluid imbalance.
  • 676
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Assessment of Patients with Vertebral Lesions
There are several classifications for vertebral bone lesions. By itself, vertebral bone lesions are a form of spinal lesion that only affects the osseous portion; thus, they are referred to as spinal osseous lesions, spinal neoplasms, vertebral lesions, or vertebral tumors. A vertebral primary bone lesion is a general term describing any abnormal change to the bone originating from disease or injury to healthy bone. In this context, primary is an oncological term that indicates the lesion originates from the bone, whereas secondary lesions are when the lesion metastasizes to the bone from another region of the body. When cells in the bone undergo uncontrolled growth, these lesions are referred to as bone tumors, and when the abnormal tissue closely resembles the healthy bone structure, the lesion is considered benign. Examples of benign lesions include hemangiomas, lipomas, sclerosis, aneurysmal bone cysts, osteoid osteomas, and osteoblastomas. Malignant lesions are similar to bone tumors but demonstrate a growth capable of metastasis. Malignant vertebral lesions include chondrosarcoma, chordoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, neuroblastoma, and osteosarcoma. Classification of a lesion depends on the spinal level, location of the lesion on the vertebra, layer of bone affected, number of lesions, and morphology. Typically, since lesion type determines treatment, correct identification of the lesion can have a major role in clinical outcomes.
  • 664
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
7T MRI for Intracranial Vessel Wall Lesions
Intracranial vessel wall lesions are involved in a variety of neurological diseases. The advanced technique 7T MRI provides greater efficacy in the diagnosis of the pathology changes in the vessel wall and helps to identify potential subtle lesions.
  • 649
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Cerebral Vasomotor Reactivity in COVID-19
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily affects the respiratory system but can also lead to neurological complications. Among COVID-19 patients, the endothelium is considered the Achilles heel. A variety of endothelial dysfunctions may result from SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent endotheliitis, such as altered vascular tone, oxidative stress, and cytokine storms. The cerebral hemodynamic impairment that is caused is associated with a higher probability of severe disease and poor outcomes in patients with COVID-19.
  • 638
  • 01 Oct 2023
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