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Topic Review
Rehabilitative Ultrasound Imaging
Los fisioterapeutas utilizan la ecografía de rehabilitación (RUSI) como una herramienta de retroalimentación para medir los cambios en la morfología muscular durante intervenciones terapéuticas como los ejercicios de control motor (MCE). Sin embargo, falta una descripción estructurada de su eficacia.
  • 635
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Interaction between AD and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau, and subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI) is characterized by cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). They are the most common causes of cognitive impairment in the elderly population. Concurrent CSVD burden is more commonly observed in AD-type dementia than in other neurodegenerative diseases. The developments in Aβ and tau positron emission tomography (PET) have enabled the investigation of the relationship between AD biomarkers and CSVD in vivo.
  • 623
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment in Brain Tumor
The non-enhancing peritumoral area (NEPA) is defined as the hyperintense region in T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images surrounding a brain tumor. The NEPA corresponds to different pathological processes, including vasogenic edema and infiltrative edema. The analysis of the NEPA with conventional and advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was proposed in the differential diagnosis of solid brain tumors, showing higher accuracy than MRI evaluation of the enhancing part of the tumor. In particular, MRI assessment of the NEPA was demonstrated to be a promising tool for distinguishing high-grade gliomas from primary lymphoma and brain metastases. Additionally, the MRI characteristics of the NEPA were found to correlate with prognosis and treatment response.
  • 602
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Imaging Biomarkers in Chronic Neuropathic Pain Management
Chronic neuropathic pain is a very important public health issue with profound negative implications in many aspects of patients’ individual lives, as well as society, health systems, productivity, and macroeconomics. The development of imaging, especially molecular and functional imaging, provides objectivity and makes the connection between structural changes, receptors involved in the mechanisms of action, and potentially therapeutic or diagnostic molecules by highlighting the place of action and the involved systems. The approval of composite biomarkers, including serological, genetic, clinical, and imaging markers, with high sensitivity and specificity will accelerate and improve diagnosis, staging, predictive and prognostic evaluation, stratification (phenotyping) and inclusion in trials, and the development of therapeutic options (pharmacological, biomedical) through preclinical, translational, clinical studies. 
  • 579
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cerebrovascular Diseases
Cerebrovascular diseases are a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. The definition of stroke etiology is mandatory to predict outcome and guide therapeutic decisions. The diagnosis of pathological processes involving intracranial arteries is especially challenging, and the visualization of intracranial arteries’ vessel walls is not possible with routine imaging techniques. Vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (VW-MRI) uses high-resolution, multiparametric MRI sequences to directly visualize intracranial arteries walls and their pathological alterations, allowing a better characterization of their pathology. VW-MRI demonstrated a wide range of clinical applications in acute cerebrovascular disease. Above all, it can be of great utility in the differential diagnosis of atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic intracranial vasculopathies. Additionally, it can be useful in the risk stratification of intracranial atherosclerotic lesions and to assess the risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Recent advances in MRI technology made it more available, but larger studies are still needed to maximize its use in daily clinical practice. 
  • 567
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Safety Related Bioeffects of Clinical Ultrasound Neuromodulation
Transcranial ultrasound holds much potential as a safe, non-invasive modality for navigated neuromodulation, with low-intensity focused ultrasound (FUS) and transcranial pulse stimulation (TPS) representing the two main modalities.
  • 552
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Neurotransmitter Imaging in Parkinsonian Disorders
Neurodegenerative parkinsonian disorders are characterized by a great diversity of clinical symptoms and underlying neuropathology, yet differential diagnosis during lifetime remains probabilistic. Molecular imaging is a powerful method to detect pathological changes in vivo on a cellular and molecular level with high specificity. Thereby, molecular imaging enables to investigate functional changes and pathological hallmarks in neurodegenerative disorders, thus allowing to better differentiate between different forms of degenerative parkinsonism, improve the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis and disentangle the pathophysiology of disease-related symptoms. 
  • 548
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Glioblastoma Radiomics
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a cancer with poor prognosis, its 5-year survival expectation is approximately 5%. Radiomics is a field of medical imaging analysis that focuses on the extraction of many quantitative imaging features related to shape, intensity and texture. These features are incorporated into models designed to predict important clinical or biological endpoints for patients. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients stand to benefit from this emerging research field as radiomics has the potential to assess the biological heterogeneity of the tumour, which contributes significantly to the inefficacy of current standard of care therapy.
  • 546
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Functionalized Nanomaterials as Theranostic Agents in Brain Imaging
Theranostic nanoparticles in molecular imaging significantly impact non-invasive strategies to understand biological and biochemical events in intact cells within living subjects. It plays a prominent role in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring outcomes in vivo. The theranostic application of nanomaterials can be classified into morphological and functional imaging based on their roles in image contrast abilities during applicable imaging methods.
  • 541
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Bilingual Speech and Neuroimaging
It is documented that most bilingual speakers voluntarily engage in code-mixing in conversation and bilinguals use speech sound inventories from both their first (L1) and second language (L2) when code-mixing. Code-mixed language offers a unique opportunity to study first- and second-language speech perception while both languages are being assessed. In addition, it is possible to investigate neural activation monitoring during such a task with the use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). fNIRS is a non-evasive imaging technology that has been previously used to investigate bilingualism and brain localization function.
  • 511
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
MRI Response Assessment in Glioblastoma Patients Treated
In order to compare responses to different therapies among clinical trials and to differentiate between therapy-induced changes and true tumor progression, reliable response parameters are crucial. MRI scans were evaluated using MacDonald, RANO, Vol-RANO, mRANO, Vol-mRANO and iRANO criteria. Tumor volumes (T1 contrast-enhancing as well as T2/FLAIR volumes) were calculated by semiautomatic segmentation.
  • 504
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Stroke Care
Stroke is an emergency for which delays in treatment can lead to significant loss of neurological function and be fatal. Technologies that increase the speed and accuracy of stroke diagnosis or assist in post-stroke rehabilitation can improve patient outcomes. No resource exists that comprehensively assesses artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML)-enabled technologies indicated for the management of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
  • 492
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Spinal Epidural Lipomatosis’ Etiology
Spinal epidural lipomatosis is defined by an excessive amount of epidural fat in the spinal canal, usually in the lumbosacral tract: a well-known cause of lumbar pain and spinal stenosis with a possible wide range of neurological symptoms.
  • 470
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Evaluation of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) refers to the damage suffered in the spinal cord by any trauma or pathology. This work determined whether 99mTc-GA-5, a radiotracer targeting Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), can reveal in vivo the reactivation of astrocytes in a murine model with SCI.
  • 444
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Radiomics in Clinical Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the loss of neurological function due to a sudden reduction in cerebral blood flow and is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. The field of radiological imaging has experienced growth in recent years, which could be boosted by the advent of artificial intelligence. One of the latest innovations in artificial intelligence is radiomics, which is based on the fact that a large amount of quantitative data can be extracted from radiological images, from which patterns can be identified and associated with specific pathologies. Since its inception, radiomics has been particularly associated with the field of oncology and has shown promising results in a wide range of clinical situations. The performance of radiomics in non-tumour pathologies has been increasingly explored in recent years, and the results continue to be promising. 
  • 429
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
7T MRI for Intracranial Vessel Wall Lesions
Intracranial vessel wall lesions are involved in a variety of neurological diseases. The advanced technique 7T MRI provides greater efficacy in the diagnosis of the pathology changes in the vessel wall and helps to identify potential subtle lesions.
  • 424
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Tasks in Diagnosis of Ischemic Stroke
Stroke is undoubtedly challenging medically and has great social and economic impact. Population-based studies have shown that the incidence of stroke in high-income countries decreased significantly between the years 1970–2000, and that the incidence continues to decrease with a current annual rate of 1–1.5%. Since the year 2000, mortality rates from stroke have fallen in all members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and partner countries, with an average reduction of 52%. The explanation for this is a reduction in risk factors, primarily smoking, and improvement in the quality of medical care.
  • 402
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Cerebral Vasomotor Reactivity in COVID-19
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily affects the respiratory system but can also lead to neurological complications. Among COVID-19 patients, the endothelium is considered the Achilles heel. A variety of endothelial dysfunctions may result from SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent endotheliitis, such as altered vascular tone, oxidative stress, and cytokine storms. The cerebral hemodynamic impairment that is caused is associated with a higher probability of severe disease and poor outcomes in patients with COVID-19.
  • 380
  • 01 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Migraine
Migraine is a burdensome neurological disorder that still lacks clear and easily accessible diagnostic biomarkers. Furthermore, a straightforward pathway is hard to find for migraineurs' management, so the search for response predictors has become urgent. Nowadays, artificial intelligence (AI) has pervaded almost every aspect of our lives, and medicine has not been missed. Its applications are nearly limitless, and the ability to use machine learning approaches has given researchers a chance to give huge amounts of data new insights. When it comes to migraine, AI may play a fundamental role, helping clinicians and patients in many ways. For example, AI-based models can increase diagnostic accuracy, especially for non-headache specialists, and may help in correctly classifying the different groups of patients. Moreover, AI models analysing brain imaging studies reveal promising results in identifying disease biomarkers. Regarding migraine management, AI applications showed value in identifying outcome measures, the best treatment choices, and therapy response prediction.
  • 367
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Glioma and Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioma and glioblastoma multiform (GBM) remain among the most debilitating and life-threatening brain tumors. Despite advances in diagnosing approaches, patient follow-up after treatment (surgery and chemoradiation) is still challenging for differentiation between tumor progression/recurrence, pseudoprogression, and radionecrosis. Radiomics emerges as a promising tool in initial diagnosis, grading, and survival prediction in patients with glioma and can help differentiate these post-treatment scenarios.
  • 357
  • 19 Sep 2023
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