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Biography
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (/ˈpruːdɒn/;[1] French: [pjɛʁʒozɛf pʁudɔ̃]; 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was a French politician, philosopher and the founder of mutualist philosophy. He was the first person to declare himself an anarchist,[2][3] using that term, and is widely regarded as one of the ideology's most influential theorists. Proudhon is even considered by many to be the "fa
  • 3.0K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Collectivism
Collectivism is a cultural value that is characterized by emphasis on cohesiveness among individuals and prioritization of the group over self. Individuals or groups that subscribe to a collectivistic worldview tend to find common values and goals as particularly salient and demonstrate greater orientation toward in-group than toward out-group. The term “in-group” is thought to be more diffusely defined for collectivistic individuals to include societal units ranging from the nuclear family to a religious or racial/ethnic group. Meta-analytic findings support that collectivism shows a consistent association with discrete values, interpersonal patterns of interaction, cognition, perception and self-construal. Collectivism is often discussed alongside the cultural value of individualism, but these are two distinct concepts and are not considered to be opposites.
  • 3.0K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Biography
Nizam Al-Mulk
Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ali Tusi (April 10, 1018 – October 14, 1092), better known by his honorific title of Nizam al-Mulk (Persian: نظام‌الملک‎, lit. 'Order of the Realm'[1]) was a Persian[2][3] scholar, political philosopher and vizier of the Seljuk Empire. Rising from a lowly position,[4] he was the de facto ruler of the empire for 20 years after the assassination of sultan Alp Arsl
  • 2.9K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Biography
Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (Latin: Johannes Picus de Mirandula; 24 February 1463 – 17 November 1494) was an Italian Renaissance nobleman and philosopher.[1] He is famed for the events of 1486, when, at the age of 23, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion, philosophy, natural philosophy, and magic against all comers, for which he wrote the Oration on the Dignity of Man, which has bee
  • 2.8K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Biography
Stefan Molyneux
Stefan Basil Molyneux (born September 24, 1966) is a Canadian podcaster and YouTuber. Molyneux, a self-published author, usually speaks on topics including anarcho-capitalism, politics, relationships, race and intelligence, multiculturalism, libertarianism, anti-feminism,[1] and familial relationships. A supporter of Donald Trump's presidential campaign, he has been described as alt-right by P
  • 2.8K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Internal Monologue
An internal monologue, also called self-talk, inner speech, inner discourse or internal discourse, is a person's inner voice which provides a running verbal monologue of thoughts while they are conscious. It is usually tied to a person's sense of self. It is particularly important in planning, problem solving, self-reflection, self-image, critical thinking, emotions, and subvocalization (reading in one's head). As a result, it is relevant to a number of mental disorders, such as depression, and treatments like cognitive behavioural therapy which seek to alleviate symptoms by providing strategies to regulate cognitive behaviour. It may reflect both conscious and subconscious beliefs. In some cases people may think of inner speech as coming from an external source, as with schizophrenic auditory hallucinations. Additionally, not everyone has a verbal internal monologue (see § Absence of an internal monologue). The looser flow of thoughts and experiences, verbal or not, is called a stream of consciousness, which can also refer to a related technique in literature. In a theory of child development formulated by Lev Vygotsky, inner speech has a precursor in private speech (talking to oneself) at a young age.
  • 2.5K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Biography
B. F. Skinner
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.[1][2][3][4] He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.[5] Considering free will to be an illusion, Skinner saw human action as dependent on consequences of previous actions, a theory he would articu
  • 2.4K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Biography
Jürgen Habermas
Jürgen Habermas (born 18 June 1929) is a German philosopher and sociologist in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. His work addresses communicative rationality and the public sphere. Associated with the Frankfurt School, Habermas's work focuses on the foundations of epistemology and social theory, the analysis of advanced capitalism and democracy, the rule of law in a critical soc
  • 2.4K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Biography
Edmund Husserl
Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (/ˈhʊsɜːrl/ HUUSS-url,[1][2] also US: /ˈhuːsɜːrl, ˈhʊsərəl/ HOO-surl, HUUSS-ər-əl;[3][4] German: [ˈʔɛtmʊnt ˈhʊsɐl];[5] 8 April 1859 – 27 April 1938)[6] was a German[7][8] philosopher who established the school of phenomenology. In his early work, he elaborated critiques of historicism and of psychologism in logic based on analyses of intentio
  • 2.4K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Biography
Qutb Al-Din Al-Shirazi
Qotb al-Din Mahmoud b. Zia al-Din Mas'ud b. Mosleh Shirazi (1236–1311) (Persian: قطب‌الدین محمود بن ضیاالدین مسعود بن مصلح شیرازی‎) was a 13th-century Persian[1] polymath and poet who made contributions to astronomy, mathematics, medicine, physics, music theory, philosophy and Sufism.[2][3] He was born in Kazerun in October 1236 to a family with a
  • 2.3K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Idealization (Science Philosophy)
Idealization is the process by which scientific models assume facts about the phenomenon being modeled that are strictly false but make models easier to understand or solve. That is, it is determined whether the phenomenon approximates an "ideal case," then the model is applied to make a prediction based on that ideal case. If an approximation is accurate, the model will have high predictive accuracy; for example, it is not usually necessary to account for air resistance when determining the acceleration of a falling bowling ball, and doing so would be more complicated. In this case, air resistance is idealized to be zero. Although this is not strictly true, it is a good approximation because its effect is negligible compared to that of gravity. Idealizations may allow predictions to be made when none otherwise could be. For example, the approximation of air resistance as zero was the only option before the formulation of Stokes' law allowed the calculation of drag forces. Many debates surrounding the usefulness of a particular model are about the appropriateness of different idealizations.
  • 2.2K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Biography
Taftazani
Sa'ad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah al-Taftazani (Persian: سعدالدین مسعودبن عمربن عبداللّه هروی خراسانی تفتازانی‎) also known as Al-Taftazani and Taftazani (1322[1]–1390[2]) was a Muslim Persian[3][4][5] polymath.[6] He also wrote a commentary on the Qur'an in Persian called "Kashf-al-Asrar".[2][7] Al-Taftazani was born in 1322 in Tafta
  • 2.2K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Tirukkuṛaḷ
The Tirukkural (திருக்குறள், literally Sacred Verses), or shortly the Kural, is a classic Tamil language text consisting of 1,330 short couplets of seven words each, or Kurals. The text is divided into three books, each with aphoristic teachings on virtue (aram, dharma), wealth (porul, artha) and love (inbam, kama). Considered one of the greatest works on ethics and morality, it is known for its universality and secular nature. Its authorship is traditionally attributed to Valluvar, also known in full as Thiruvalluvar. The text has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 5th century CE. The traditional accounts describe it as the last work of the third Sangam, but linguistic analysis suggests a later date of 450 to 500 CE and that it was composed after the Sangam period. The Kural is traditionally praised with epithets and alternate titles such as "the Tamil Veda" and "the divine book." It emphasizes non-violence and moral vegetarianism as virtues for an individual.[a] In addition, it highlights truthfulness, self-restraint, gratitude, hospitality, kindness, goodness of wife, duty, giving, and so forth, besides covering a wide range of social and political topics such as king, ministers, taxes, justice, forts, war, greatness of army and soldier's honor, death sentence for the wicked, agriculture, education, abstinence from alcohol and intoxicants. It also includes chapters on friendship, love, sexual union, and domestic life. The Kural has been widely admired by scholars and influential leaders across the ethical, social, political, economical, religious, philosophical, and spiritual spheres over its history. These include Ilango Adigal, Kambar, Leo Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Schweitzer, Constantius Joseph Beschi, Karl Graul, George Uglow Pope, Alexander Piatigorsky, and Yu Hsi. The text has been translated into at least 40 Indian and non-Indian languages. The Kural is considered a masterpiece and one of the most important texts of the Tamil Literature. The Tamil people and the government of Tamil Nadu have long celebrated and upheld the text with reverence.
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  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Other
In phenomenology, the terms the Other and the Constitutive Other identify the other human being, in their differences from the Self, as being a cumulative, constituting factor in the self-image of a person; as acknowledgement of being real; hence, the Other is dissimilar to and the opposite of the Self, of Us, and of the Same. The Constitutive Other is the relation between the personality (essential nature) and the person (body) of a human being; the relation of essential and superficial characteristics of personal identity that corresponds to the relationship between opposite, but correlative, characteristics of the Self, because the difference is inner-difference, within the Self. The condition and quality of Otherness (the characteristics of the Other) is the state of being different from and alien to the social identity of a person and to the identity of the Self. In the discourse of philosophy, the term Otherness identifies and refers to the characteristics of Who? and What? of the Other, which are distinct and separate from the Symbolic order of things; from the Real (the authentic and unchangeable); from the æsthetic (art, beauty, taste); from political philosophy; from social norms and social identity; and from the Self. Therefore, the condition of Otherness is a person's non-conformity to and with the social norms of society; and Otherness is the condition of disenfranchisement (political exclusion), effected either by the State or by the social institutions (e.g., the professions) invested with the corresponding socio-political power. Therefore, the imposition of Otherness alienates the person labelled as "the Other" from the centre of society, and places him or her at the margins of society, for being the Other. The term Othering describes the reductive action of labelling and defining a person as a subaltern native, as someone who belongs to the socially subordinate category of the Other. The practice of Othering excludes persons who do not fit the norm of the social group, which is a version of the Self; likewise, in human geography, the practice of othering persons means to exclude and displace them from the social group to the margins of society, where mainstream social norms do not apply to them, for being the Other.
  • 2.1K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Biography
Robert Lawrence Kuhn
Robert Lawrence Kuhn[1] (born 1944) is a public intellectual, international corporate strategist and investment banker. He has a doctorate in neuroscience and is the author and editor of over 25 books. He is a recipient of the China Reform Friendship Medal, China's highest award; he is a long-time adviser to China's leaders and the Chinese government, to multinational corporations on China strat
  • 2.1K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Biography
P. M. H. Atwater
P. M. H. Atwater (born Phyllis Marie DeKeyser, September 19, 1937) is a North American writer and researcher on subjects related to Idaho, life and death issues, and spirituality from a New Thought point of view. Atwater was born in Twin Falls, Idaho[1] and was later adopted by Kenneth L. Johnston. She married John Bernard Huffman in 1956 (divorced in 1976) and had three children: Kelly, Nata
  • 2.0K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Noocenosis
A Noocenosis (alternative spelling noocenose, noocoenosis or noöcenosis) from Greek νόος (noos) — "mind, thought, perception, sense" and κοινός (cenosis) – "common, mutual, shared, joint", is an artificial biological community (biocenosis) built upon a degraded ecosystem. A noocenosis is the result of structural improvements by man and differs from the original, evolutionarily constructed biological community. The concept noocenosis was first used in Russia (spelling: «нооценоз») in the 1990s by the ecologist Victor Vasilievich Petrashov (Петрашов, Виктор Васильевич). Academic use of the term noocenosis is still predominately limited to Post Soviet countries, with a few exceptions. Closely related terms include "Noobiocenosis" and "Noobiogeocenosis". The term "noobiogeocenosis was introduced in the 1970s by the ecologist Stanislav Semenovich Shwarts (Щварц, Станислав Семёнович). The concept noocenosis belongs to the discipline Ecology and was established by the Russian professor and ecologist Victor Vasilievich Petrashov in his 1993 publication Введение в нооценологи (Introduction to Noocenology). Parallel to the ecological characterization based on Petrashov the term has been adopted in other disciplines, including Economics, Industrial Ecology, Agricultural Science, Philosophy and other Humanity studies.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Biography
Murray Bookchin
Murray Bookchin (January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006)[1] was an United States social theorist, author, orator, historian, and political philosopher. A pioneer in the ecology movement,[2] Bookchin formulated and developed the theory of social ecology and urban planning, within anarchist, libertarian socialist, and ecological thought. He was the author of two dozen books covering topics in politics
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mechanism
Mechanism is the belief that natural wholes (principally living things) are similar to complicated machines or artifacts, composed of parts lacking any intrinsic relationship to each other. The doctrine of mechanism in philosophy comes in two different flavors. They are both doctrines of metaphysics, but they are different in scope and ambitions: the first is a global doctrine about nature; the second is a local doctrine about humans and their minds, which is hotly contested. For clarity, we might distinguish these two doctrines as universal mechanism and anthropic mechanism.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Biography
Alfredo Co
Alfredo Pimentel Co 许培堆 (born November 30, 1949) is the foremost Sinologist and one of the most sought-after lecturers in the Philippines.[1][2][3]He was the founding president of the Philosophy Circle of the Philippines and is currently the President of the Philippine Academy of Philosophical Research, chairman of the Commission on Higher Education's Technical Committee on Philosophy, and
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Nov 2022
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