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Topic Review
Serratiopeptidase
Microbial products have been used for the treatment of different diseases for many centuries. The serratiopeptidase enzyme provides a new hope for COVID-19-infected patients. Anti-inflammatory drugs are easy to obtain at minimal expenditure from microbial sources. Serratia sp. is identified as one of the most efficient bacteria produced from serratiopeptidase. Screening for new and efficient bacterial strains from different sources has been of interest. Serratiopeptidase remains the most well-known anti-inflammatory drug of choice. Serratiopeptidase is a cheaper and safer anti-inflammatory drug alternative to NSAIDs.
  • 4.1K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Jump Scare
A jump scare (often shortened to jumpscare) is a technique often used in horror films, haunted attractions, video games, and Internet screamers, intended to scare the audience by surprising them with an abrupt change in image or event, usually co-occurring with a frightening sound, mostly loud screaming. Common in film since the 1980s, the jump scare has been described as "one of the most basic building blocks of horror movies". Jump scares can surprise the viewer by appearing at a point in the film where the soundtrack is quiet and the viewer is not expecting anything alarming to happen, or can be the sudden payoff to a long period of suspense. Some critics have described jump scares as a lazy way to frighten viewers, and believe that the horror genre has undergone a decline in recent years following an over-reliance on the trope, establishing it as a cliché of modern horror films.
  • 4.1K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Grazing
Grazing is a method of feeding in which a herbivore feeds on plants such as grasses, or other multicellular organisms such as algae. In agriculture, grazing is one method used whereby domestic livestock are used to convert grass and other forage into meat, milk and other products. Many small selective herbivores follow larger grazers, who skim off the highest, tough growth of plants, exposing tender shoots. For terrestrial animals, grazing is normally distinguished from browsing in that grazing is eating grass or forbs, and browsing is eating woody twigs and leaves from trees and shrubs. Grazing differs from true predation because the organism being grazed upon is not generally killed. Grazing differs from parasitism as the two organisms live together in a constant state of physical externality (i.e. low intimacy). Water animals that feed for example on algae found on stones are called grazers-scrapers. Grazers-scrapers feed also on microorganisms and dead organic matter on various substrates.
  • 4.1K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Watson (Computer)
Watson is a question-answering computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language, developed in IBM's DeepQA project by a research team led by principal investigator David Ferrucci. Watson was named after IBM's founder and first CEO, industrialist Thomas J. Watson. The computer system was initially developed to answer questions on the quiz show Jeopardy! and, in 2011, the Watson computer system competed on Jeopardy! against champions Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings, winning the first place prize of $1 million. In February 2013, IBM announced that Watson software system's first commercial application would be for utilization management decisions in lung cancer treatment at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, in conjunction with WellPoint (now Anthem). In 2013, Manoj Saxena, IBM Watson's business chief said that 90% of nurses in the field who use Watson now follow its guidance.
  • 4.1K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pomegranate Juice for CYP3A4- and CYP2C9-Mediated Drugs Metabolism
The Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) fruit juice contains large amounts of polyphenols, mainly tannins such as ellagitannin, punicalagin, and punicalin, and flavonoids such as anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, and flavonols. These constituents have high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anticancer activities. Because of these activities, many patients may consume pomegranate juice (PJ) with or without their doctor’s knowledge. This may raise any significant medication errors or benefits because of food-drug interactions that modulate the drug’s pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. 
  • 4.1K
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Lysosomal-Cleavable Peptide Linkers in Antibody–Drug Conjugates
Antibody–drug Conjugates (ADCs) are a powerful therapeutic modality for cancer treatment. ADCs are multi-functional biologics in which a disease-targeting antibody is conjugated to an effector payload molecule via a linker. The success of currently used ADCs has been largely attributed to the development of linker systems, which allow for the targeted release of cytocidal payload drugs inside cancer cells.
  • 4.1K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ultra-Precision Machining Technologies
In order to reduce the surface/subsurface damage of soft-brittle optical materials and improve their surface quality, it is necessary to carry out ultra-precision machining of soft-brittle optical materials. Common ultra-precision machining techniques for soft-brittle optical materials include abrasive-free deliquescent polishing, single-point diamond turning (SPDT), chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), ultra-precision grinding, micro-milling, ion beam figuring (IBF) and magnetorheological finishing (MRF).
  • 4.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
FireEye
FireEye is a privately held cybersecurity company headquartered in Milpitas, California. It has been involved in the detection and prevention of major cyber attacks. It provides hardware, software, and services to investigate cybersecurity attacks, protect against malicious software, and analyze IT security risks. FireEye was founded in 2004. Initially, it focused on developing virtual machines that would download and test internet traffic before transferring it to a corporate or government network. The company diversified over time, in part through acquisitions. In 2014, it acquired Mandiant, which provides incident response services following the identification of a security breach. FireEye went public in 2013. USAToday says FireEye "has been called in to investigate high-profile attacks against Target, JP Morgan Chase, Sony Pictures, Anthem and others".
  • 4.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
GameMaker Studio
GameMaker Studio (formerly Animo until 1999, Game Maker until 2011, GameMaker until 2012, and GameMaker: Studio until 2017) is a cross-platform game engine developed by YoYo Games. GameMaker accommodates the creation of cross-platform and multi-genre video games using a custom drag-and-drop visual programming language or a scripting language known as Game Maker Language, which can be used to develop more advanced games that could not be created just by using the drag and drop features. GameMaker was originally designed to allow novice computer programmers to be able to make computer games without much programming knowledge by use of these actions. Recent versions of software also focus on appealing to advanced developers.
  • 4.1K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Orrery
An orrery is a mechanical model of the Solar System that illustrates or predicts the relative positions and motions of the planets and moons, usually according to the heliocentric model. It may also represent the relative sizes of these bodies; however, since accurate scaling is often not practical due to the actual large ratio differences, a subdued approximation may be used instead. Though the Greeks had working planetaria, the first orrery that was a planetarium of the modern era was produced in 1704, and one was presented to Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of Orrery – hence the name. They are typically driven by a clockwork mechanism with a globe representing the Sun at the centre, and with a planet at the end of each of the arms.
  • 4.1K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cybersecurity Frameworks and Information Security Standards
Businesses are reliant on data to survive in the competitive market, and data is constantly in danger of loss or theft. Loss of valuable data leads to negative consequences for both individuals and organizations. Cybersecurity is the process of protecting sensitive data from damage or theft. To successfully achieve the objectives of implementing cybersecurity at different levels, a range of procedures and standards should be followed. Cybersecurity standards determine the requirements that an organization should follow to achieve cybersecurity objectives and facilitate against cybercrimes. Cybersecurity standards demonstrate whether an information system can meet security requirements through a range of best practices and procedures. A range of standards has been established by various organizations to be employed in information systems of different sizes and types. 
  • 4.1K
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Mathematical Economics
Mathematical economics is the application of mathematical methods to represent theories and analyze problems in economics. Often, these applied methods are beyond simple geometry, and may include differential and integral calculus, difference and differential equations, matrix algebra, mathematical programming, or other computational methods. Proponents of this approach claim that it allows the formulation of theoretical relationships with rigor, generality, and simplicity. Mathematics allows economists to form meaningful, testable propositions about wide-ranging and complex subjects which could less easily be expressed informally. Further, the language of mathematics allows economists to make specific, positive claims about controversial or contentious subjects that would be impossible without mathematics. Much of economic theory is currently presented in terms of mathematical economic models, a set of stylized and simplified mathematical relationships asserted to clarify assumptions and implications. Formal economic modeling began in the 19th century with the use of differential calculus to represent and explain economic behavior, such as utility maximization, an early economic application of mathematical optimization. Economics became more mathematical as a discipline throughout the first half of the 20th century, but introduction of new and generalized techniques in the period around the Second World War, as in game theory, would greatly broaden the use of mathematical formulations in economics. This rapid systematizing of economics alarmed critics of the discipline as well as some noted economists. John Maynard Keynes, Robert Heilbroner, Friedrich Hayek and others have criticized the broad use of mathematical models for human behavior, arguing that some human choices are irreducible to mathematics.
  • 4.1K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Russian Saints
This list of Russian saints includes the saints canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian saints canonized by other Orthodox Churches. Saints are sorted by their first names. A more complete list of saints: List of Russian saints (until 15th century) List of Russian saints (since 15th century)
  • 4.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are a porous inorganic framework synthesized using the inorganic silica sources sodium silicates or silica tetraethyl orthosilicate as a precursor with quaternary ammonium salts as the surfactant. The size and porosity of MSNs are regulated by various factors such as surfactants, the source of silica, ion strength, aging duration, temperature, and pH. Highly ordered mesoporous silica came into the limelight after the fabrication of the silica-based material Mobile crystalline material 41 (MCM) by Kazuyuki Kuroda’s groups and scientists at Mobil Oil Corporation from aluminium silicate gel. MSNs have a unique porous solid framework with a large surface area facilitating functionalization with various functional groups for targeted drug delivery. MCM-41, MCM-48, and SBA-15 are the most common mesoporous silica materials with two-dimensional hexagonal and three-dimensional cubic structures possessing pore sizes of 2–10 nm.
  • 4.1K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Treating Delusional Disorder with Antipsychotics
Delusional disorder (DD) has been considered a treatment-resistant disorder, with antipsychotics acknowledged as the best. It is possible that the discovery of the right drug could turn treatment resistance into treatment response.
  • 4.1K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Alginate-Based Biomaterials
Alginates are naturally occurring polysaccharides extracted from brown marine algae and bacteria. Being biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic and easy to gel, alginates can be processed into various forms, such as hydrogels, microspheres, fibers and sponges, and have been widely applied in biomedical field.
  • 4.1K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Sustainable Manufacturability of Archimedes Screw Turbines
Archimedes screw turbines are considered a new technology in small- or microscale hydropower. The Archimedes screw turbines is a hydroturbine that is geometrically modeled after Archimedean screws, which are machines historically used to pump water to higher elevations. Archimedes screw turbines are easy and practical to operate compared with other turbines. It is considered a fish-friendly turbine due to the geometric structure of the screw-shaped turbine that allows fish to swim in between them.
  • 4.1K
  • 30 Jan 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Solar Architecture in Energy Engineering
Solar Architecture represents the confluence of the two disciplines of energy engineering and architecture. The concept of Solar Architecture defines a decision-making process to select, design, deploy, and operate solar energy-enabled solutions for environments where solar energy resources are part of the energy mix. The principles of Solar Architecture include maximizing solar energy harvesting from solution’s surfaces with a positive balance of energy, carbon, and cost provided by the solution. Solar Architecture application selection is built on two major cornerstones, features and groups, defining the best options in energy engineering of a solar solution. Solar surfaces are key to solar architecture. They are the “heart”, and balance-of-system components are the “muscles” of solar solutions. Addressing energy losses in photovoltaic, solar to thermal, and solar to chemical energy conversion allows for increasing energy harvesting yield. Life Cycle Assessment and solar energy harvesting methodologies based on solar surface characteristics define Solar Architecture Balance. This balance allows for defining energy, carbon, and cost return on investment for solar solutions and selecting the best solution for related assets/environment. 
  • 4.1K
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Social Robots in Special Education
In recent years, social robots have become part of a variety of human activities, especially in applications involving children, e.g., entertainment, education, companionship. The interest of this work lies in the interaction of social robots with children in the field of special education. 
  • 4.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Academic Tourism and Transport Services
Academic tourism is an important opportunity for the tourism industry and for the growth of academic knowledge. Thus, the continued growth of academic tourism has provided opportunities for tour operators, as well as for educational service providers, so that students have become a potential source of long-term investments for destinations. In addition, transport and mobility opportunities in tourist destinations are extremely relevant for academic tourism, especially as a result of the fact that transport can be considered as a primary factor in tourism. More specifically, the unavailability of transport will negatively affect the image of a particular tourist destination, which will, therefore, lead to a reduction in the likelihood that that destination will be visited again. 
  • 4.1K
  • 23 Aug 2021
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