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Topic Review
Data-Driven Fault Diagnosis Methods for Nuclear Power Plants
Fault diagnosis plays an important role in complex and safety-critical systems such as nuclear power plants (NPPs). With the development of artificial intelligence (AI), extensive research has been carried out for fast and efficient fault diagnosis based on data-driven algorithms.
  • 778
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Production of BioH2 Using Microalgae
Demand for clean energy has increased due to the proliferation of climate change impact from excessive emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) from the combustion of fossil fuels. H2 is a clean energy source since water vapor is the only byproduct after its combustion. Growing microalgae offers a promising low-energy and low-cost approach for bioH2 production. Diverse microalgae can generate bioH2, including Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp., Monoraphidium sp., Platymonas sp., Tetraspora sp., Closterium sp., and Chlamydomonas sp. Even though green microalgae have high potential as a renewable energy source, only about 70 species from more than 30 genera have been researched so far.
  • 776
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Paramaeters that Affect Biomass Gasification
Gasification is a thermochemical process commonly used for bioenergy production, and it is particularly attractive mainly due to its high efficiency. However, its performance is influenced by parameters such as type of feedstock, size of biomass particle, feed rate, type of reactor, temperature, pressure, equivalence ratio, steam to biomass ratio, gasification agent, catalyst, and residence time.
  • 774
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Biomass-Derived Carbon Electrocatalyst
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has attracted considerable attention for clean energy conversion technologies to reduce traditional fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Although platinum (Pt) metal is currently used as an electrocatalyst to accelerate sluggish ORR kinetics, the scarce resource and high cost still restrict its further scale-up applications. In this regard, biomass-derived carbon electrocatalysts have been widely adopted for ORR electrocatalysis in recent years owing to their tunable physical/chemical properties and cost-effective precursors.
  • 773
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Advances on Smart Cities and Smart Buildings
Modern cities are facing the challenge of combining competitiveness on a global city scale and sustainable urban development to become smart cities. A smart city is a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information, and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable, greener city; competitive and innovative commerce; and an increased quality of life. This Special Issue collects the recent advancements on smart cities and covers different topics and aspects.
  • 773
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Refrigerated Transport
The cold chain is responsible for perishable products preservation and transportation, maintaining a proper temperature to slow biological decay processes. Often the efficiency of the cold chain is less than ideal, significantly increasing food waste and energy consumption. Refrigerated transport is a critical phase of the cold chain because of its negative impact on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
  • 771
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Capacity Sizing of Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System
A battery–supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system is investigated as a solution to reduce the high-power delivery stress on the battery. An optimally-sized system can further enhance the storage and cost efficiency.
  • 769
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Waste Biorefineries
Sustainable biofuel production is the most effective way to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil fuels while preserving food security and land use. In addition to producing bioenergy, waste biorefineries can be incorporated into the waste management system to solve the future challenges of waste disposal. Biomass waste, on the other hand, is regarded as a low-quality biorefinery feedstock with a wide range of compositions and seasonal variability. In light of these factors, biomass waste presents limitations on the conversion technologies available for value addition, and therefore more research is needed to enhance the profitability of waste biorefineries. Perhaps, to keep waste biorefineries economically and environmentally sustainable, bioprocesses need to be integrated to process a wide range of biomass resources and yield a diverse range of bioenergy products.
  • 764
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
PV Energy Communities
Renewable energy sources, in particular those based on solar radiation, are growing rapidly and are planned to play an instrumental role in building power systems to reach the 2030 and 2050 energy and climate mitigation objectives. However, new actors have been introduced into the energy field, highlighting the importance of the role of citizens and communities in building such energy systems.
  • 764
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Produced Water Treatment
Flowback-produced water (FP) is a waste fluid associated with hydraulic fracturing in unconventional oil and gas development (UOG). Initially, FP reflects the composition of the hydraulic fracturing fluid, which is referred as flowback water (FBW). After the initial months of well production, the waste fluid is predominantly representative of the formation and is known as produced water (PW). 
  • 763
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Gas-Liquid Membrane Contactors with Aqueous-Amine Solvents
Gas–liquid membrane contactor (GLMC) is a promising process intensification technology for offshore natural gas conditioning in which weight and footprint constraints impose severe limitations. Thanks to its potential for substituting conventional packed/trayed columns for acid-gas absorption and acid-gas solvent regeneration, gas-liquid membrane contactors have been investigated experimentally and theoretically, wherein aqueous-amine solvents and their blends are the most employed solvents for carbon dioxide removal from natural gas in gas-liquid membrane contactors. 
  • 758
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Microgrids for Energy Transition
International, national, and subnational laws and policies call for rapidly decarbonizing energy systems around the globe. This effort relies heavily on renewable electricity and calls for a transition that is: (i) flexible enough to accommodate existing and new electricity end uses and users; (ii) resilient in response to climate change and other threats to electricity infrastructure; (iii) cost-effective in comparison to alternatives; and (iv) just in the face of energy systems that are often the result of—or the cause of—procedural, distributive, and historical injustices. Acknowledging the intertwined roles of technology and policy, this entry provides a cross-disciplinary review of how microgrids may contribute to renewable electricity systems that are flexible, resilient, cost-effective, and just (including illustrative examples from Korea, California, New York, the European Union, and elsewhere). 
  • 757
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Underwater Compressed Gas Energy Storage
Underwater compressed air energy storage was developed from its terrestrial counterpart. It has also evolved to underwater compressed natural gas and hydrogen energy storage in recent years. Underwater compressed air energy storage (UWCGES) is a promising energy storage technology for the marine environment and subsequently of recent significant interest attention.
  • 755
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Battery Thermal Management of Electric Vehicles
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as energy storage devices, are considered to have a significant role in determining the performance of electric vehicles (EVs). LIBs depend vastly on temperature for facilitating an optimum performance and lifetime, with the commonly suggested operating temperature being in the range from 25 to 40 °C. Operation at lower or higher temperatures than the range can adversely affect or degrade the performance and lifetime of LIBs. Lower-temperature operation with a high current rate leads to lithium plating on the anode, capacity loss, impedance rises, ionic conductivity decreases, and internal short circuits due to metallic lithium dendrites. Meanwhile, higher-temperature operation could reduce the active materials and increase the internal resistance, even for overly high temperatures, potentially causing thermal runaways that might prompt fires and explosions.
  • 752
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Air Addition in Hydraulic Turbines
The use of hydropower is rapidly increasing worldwide, however, achieving maximum efficiency in hydraulic turbines requires operating at the best efficiency point (QBEP). By mitigating the vortex phenomenon, one can reduce pressure pulsation amplitudes and therefore expand the range of stable operation of the hydroturbine. There are two basic approaches to surge mitigation, which are based on the operation turbine principle. The first one involves modifying the existing geometry through geometric optimization, seeking to improve performance over a wider range of operations by changing parametric dimensions. The second approach aims to reduce flow swirl and break up stagnant zones by injecting water or air into the flow.
  • 751
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Optimization Control Strategies in Building Energy Management Systems
Due to rising energy demands, the industrial revolution has brought with it a slew of new issues. This phenomenon fosters the development of more resource-efficient control approaches. The building sector has a huge potential to mitigate energy demand using intelligent energy management systems (IEMS) and the concept of the internet of energy (IoE). The IoE combines features of a smart grid and the internet of things (IoT). The IoT refers to internet-based architecture in two ways: communication allows the system to be monitored and controlled in real-time via cloud computing or another internet service. It is proven that the potential of IoE-based building energy management systems (BEMS) will enhance the performance of future building energy utilization. The key idea of BEMS is monitoring and controlling the energy consumption in buildings with the aim of reducing emissions. The design of BEMS has taken into account factors such as efficiency, scalability, robustness, flexibility, and an ability to sense the environment and make decisions autonomously.
  • 750
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Energy Efficiency of Tall Buildings
Design priorities for tall and supertall buildings have for some time shifted to achieving more energy efficiency to address the energy needs of the increasing global population. Engineers and architects aim to achieve energy conservation through active and passive approaches, pursuing technological innovations and adopting climate-responsive design. The advent of recent building technologies in facade design, mechanical and electrical systems, new materials including smart materials, and computer-based intelligent systems has greatly impacted the design of tall buildings. It is expected that the incorporation of newer and more sophisticated technologies into the design process in the future will result in novel solutions mitigating the challenge of achieving optimal energy efficiency of tall buildings.
  • 749
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Replacement of Incineration by Steam-Gasification
       High temperature processing of waste is usually performed by oxidation of the waste components with atmospheric oxygen. It may be aimed to recovery of energy or / and recovery of materials. We would like show that the atmospheric oxygen may be successfully replaced by steam in incineration of a fraction of MSW.
  • 746
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Hydrogen Storage Techniques for On-Board Applications
Hydrogen as an energy carrier could help decarbonize industrial, building, and transportation sectors, and be used in fuel cells to generate electricity, power, or heat. One of the numerous ways to solve the climate crisis is to make the vehicles on our roads as clean as possible. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have demonstrated a high potential in storing and converting chemical energy into electricity with zero carbon dioxide emissions. This text presents the most favorable hydrogen storage approaches for FCEV on-board applications. To achieve long-range autonomy (over 500 km), FCEVs must be capable of storing 5-10 kg of hydrogen in compressed vessels at 700 bar, with Type IV vessels being the primary option. Although physical and chemical storage technologies are expected to be valuable to the hydrogen economy, compressed hydrogen storage remains the most advanced technology for on-board applications.
  • 744
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Batteries vs Hydrogen Storage: Complementary or Substitute
Batteries and hydrogen storage technologies are treated as complementary technologies in some cases, but in other ones they are considered opposed technologies. 
  • 744
  • 20 Sep 2022
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