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Topic Review
Augmented Reality for Surgical Robotic and Autonomous Systems
Novel surgical robots are the most sought-after approach in performing repetitive tasks in an accurate manner. Imaging technology has significantly changed the world of robotic surgery, especially when it comes to biopsies, the examination of complex vasculature for catheterization, and the visual estimation of target points for port placement. There is a great need for the image analysis of CT scans and X-rays for the identification of the correct position of an anatomical landmark such as a tumor or polyp. This information is at the core of most augmented reality systems, where development starts with the reconstruction and localization of targets. Hence, the primary role of augmented reality (AR) applications in surgery would be to visualize and guide a user towards a desired robot configuration with the help of intelligent computer vision algorithms.
  • 959
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy (MPS): Mechanisms and Theories
Since its first report in 2006, magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS)-based biosensors have flourished over the past decade. MPS is used for a wide range of applications, such as disease diagnosis, foodborne pathogen detection, etc.
  • 957
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Nanomaterials for Electro-Active Structures
The use of electrically conductive materials to impart electrical properties to substrates for cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation, represents an important strategy in the field of tissue engineering. Carbon nanomaterials have great potential for fabricating electro-active structures due to their exceptional electrical and surface properties, opening new routes for more efficient tissue engineering approaches. The concept of electro-active structures and their roles in tissue engineering is discussed in this review, the most relevant carbon-based nanomaterials used to produce electro-active structures are presented. Particular emphasis is put on the electrically conductive property, material synthesis and their applications on tissue engineering. Different technologies, allowing the fabrication of two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures in a controlled way, are also presented. Finally, challenges for future research are highlighted. 
  • 956
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Cystic Fibrosis Human Organs-on-a-Chip
Cystic fibrosis human organs-on-a-chip can be used in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). CF is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene: the gene product responsible for transporting chloride and bicarbonate ions through the apical membrane of most epithelial cells.
  • 956
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Multiscale Bone Damage
The investigation of bone damage processes is a crucial point to understand the mechanisms of age-related bone fractures. In order to reduce their impact, early diagnosis is key. The intricate architecture of bone and the complexity of multiscale damage processes make fracture prediction an ambitious goal. 
  • 951
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
An Improved Multimodal Medical Image Fusion Approach
Multimodal medical image fusion (MMIF) is the process of merging different modalities of medical images into a single output image (fused image) with a significant quantity of information to improve clinical applicability. It enables a better diagnosis and makes the diagnostic process easier. In medical image fusion (MIF), an intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) plays a role in enhancing the quality of the image, which is useful for medical diagnosis. The research introduces an innovative approach to multimodal medical image fusion using intuitionistic fuzzy set theory. This approach shows promising results in improving the quality and accuracy of fused medical images, making it a valuable contribution to the field of medical image processing and diagnosis.
  • 951
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Computational Modeling of Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is an established treatment for elderly patients with irreparable rotator cuff tears, complex proximal humerus fractures, and revision arthroplasty. Computational modeling has been used to investigate the effects of implant design, intraoperative component placement, and surgical technique on postoperative shoulder biomechanics after RTSA, with the findings ultimately used to elucidate and mitigate complications.
  • 945
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Bioprinting Scaffolds for Vascular Tissues
Human organ function and physiology depend on a functional vascular system to facilitate oxygen and nutrient supply, as well as the removal of metabolic products. Ischemia is temporary reduction of blood supply that can cause physiological imbalance due to a lack of oxygen (hypoxia), nutrients, and a failure to eliminate metabolic waste products. Prolonged ischemia is associate with tissue damage and potentially necrosis. In this context, avoiding ischemia time remains critical to preventing hypoxic injury and potential damages to transplant tissues and organs. Despite substantial progress in creating three-dimensional (3D) blood vessels, fabricating a functional vascular multiscale system has remained a challenge . Many techniques have been developed to fabricate vascular networks that can mimic the complexity, the unique structures, and the functionality of human blood vessels.  Among these advancements, 3D bioprinting has become an essential tool for the fabrication of vascularized bioconstructs due to improved control over vascular growth, reproducibility, and scalability of the fabrication process.
  • 944
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ethanol Intoxication Sensing Technologies and Techniques
Ranging from casual drinking or as a part of celebration to more extreme binge drinking or alcohol dependence/alcoholism, often referred to as alcohol use disorder (AUD), alcohol consumption has also been associated with the development of several types of cancer. The field of alcohol intoxication sensing is over 100 years old, spanning the fields of medicine, chemistry, and computer science, aiming to produce the most effective and accurate methods of quantifying intoxication levels. 
  • 943
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Myoelectrically Controlled Hand Prostheses
The loss of one or multiple fingers can lead to psychological problems as well as functional impairment. Various options exist for replacement and restoration after hand or finger loss. Prosthetic hand or finger prostheses improve esthetic outcomes and the quality of life for patients. Myoelectrically controlled hand prostheses have been used to attempt to produce different movements.
  • 942
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Magnetoplasmonics
Magneto-optics examines light in magnetic fields (externally applied or from a magnetised material medium). Michael Faraday discovered in 1845 that linearly polarised light rotates in a magnetic field in transmission mode, and John Kerr studied magnet-polarized light 30 years later. Faraday and Kerr's magneto-optics effects helped establish electromagnetic theory and advance technology. The Faraday effect is used in non-reciprocal optical devices and laser systems. The Kerr effect is used for spectroscopy and data storage. The search for new and improved materials and theoretical work, including developing new sensitivity metrics, continued. As a result, plasmonics (mangetoplasmonics) has pioneered from fundamental studies to potential applications in a wide range of industries.
  • 941
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Physiological and Biomechanical Monitoring in American Football Players
American football is the sport with the highest rates of concussion injuries. Biomedical engineering applications may support athletes in monitoring their injuries, evaluating the effectiveness of their equipment, and leading industrial research in this sport. 
  • 940
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Technologies for Plasmon-Based Fluorescence Enhancement
Fluorescence is a widely used phenomenon in various scientific and technological fields, including biology, chemistry, medicine, and materials science. The fluorescence signal provides valuable information about molecular interactions, concentrations, and structural changes. Fluorescence exhibits numerous valuable applications, encompassing the detection of single molecules, fluorescence nanoscopy, biological labeling, and optoelectronic device functionality, among many others. Fluorescence enhancement is imperative for enhancing the sensitivity and precision of a wide range of scientific and technological applications that heavily rely on fluorescence detection. It is a crucial requirement to elevate the performance and reliability of these applications.
  • 938
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Random Laser Properties
In a random laser (RL), optical feedback arises from multiple scattering instead of conventional mirrors. RLs generate a laser-like emission, and meanwhile take advantage of a simpler and more flexible laser configuration. The applicability of RLs as light sources and optical sensors has been proved. 
  • 935
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Organ-on-Chip Devices
Organ-on-chip devices have provided the pharmaceutical and tissue engineering worlds much hope since they arrived and began to grow in sophistication. However, limitations for their applicability were soon realized as they lacked real-time monitoring and sensing capabilities. The users of these devices relied solely on endpoint analysis for the results of their tests, which created a chasm in the understanding of life between the lab the natural world. However, this gap is being bridged with sensors that are integrated into organ-on-chip devices.
  • 934
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Smartphone-Based Aptasensor
Aptamers are a particular class of functional recognition ligands with high specificity and affinity to their targets. As the candidate recognition layer of biosensors, aptamers can be used to sense biomolecules. Aptasensors, aptamer-based biosensors, have been demonstrated to be specific, sensitive, and cost-effective. Furthermore, smartphone-based devices have shown their advantages in binding to aptasensors for point-of-care testing (POCT), which offers an immediate or spontaneous responding time for biological testing.
  • 934
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Non-Contact Video-Based Neonatal Respiratory Monitoring
Video-based monitoring is a potential non-contact system that could improve patient care. This iterative design study developed a novel algorithm that produced RR from footage analyzed from stable NICU patients in open cribs with corrected gestational ages ranging from 33 to 40 weeks. The final algorithm used a proprietary technique of micromotion and stationarity detection (MSD) to model background noise to be able to amplify and record respiratory motions. We found significant correlation—r equals 0.948 (p value of 0.001)—between MSD and the current hospital standard, electrocardiogram impedance pneumography. Our video-based system showed a bias of negative 1.3 breaths and root mean square error of 6.36 breaths per minute compared to standard continuous monitoring. Further work is needed to evaluate the ability of video-based monitors to observe clinical changes in a larger population of patients over extended periods of time.
  • 933
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Field-Effect Sensors Using Biomaterials
Field-effect sensors using biomaterials that are able to detect specific target chemical substances with high sensitivity would have broad applications in many areas, ranging from biomedicine and environments to the food industry, but this has proved extremely challenging.
  • 932
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cell-Surface Engineering
Literature in the field of stem cell therapy indicates that, when stem cells in a state of single-cell suspension are injected systemically, they show poor in vivo survival, while such cells show robust cell survival and regeneration activity when transplanted in the state of being attached on a biomaterial surface.
  • 928
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Virus-Incorporated Biomimetic Nanocomposites
Owing to the astonishing properties of non-harmful viruses, tissue regeneration using virus-based biomimetic materials has been an emerging trend recently. The selective peptide expression and enrichment of the desired peptide on the surface, monodispersion, self-assembly, and ease of genetic and chemical modification properties have allowed viruses to take a long stride in biomedical applications. 
  • 925
  • 07 Jun 2021
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