You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Organ-on-Chip Devices
Organ-on-chip devices have provided the pharmaceutical and tissue engineering worlds much hope since they arrived and began to grow in sophistication. However, limitations for their applicability were soon realized as they lacked real-time monitoring and sensing capabilities. The users of these devices relied solely on endpoint analysis for the results of their tests, which created a chasm in the understanding of life between the lab the natural world. However, this gap is being bridged with sensors that are integrated into organ-on-chip devices.
  • 928
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Computational Modeling of Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is an established treatment for elderly patients with irreparable rotator cuff tears, complex proximal humerus fractures, and revision arthroplasty. Computational modeling has been used to investigate the effects of implant design, intraoperative component placement, and surgical technique on postoperative shoulder biomechanics after RTSA, with the findings ultimately used to elucidate and mitigate complications.
  • 928
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Field-Effect Sensors Using Biomaterials
Field-effect sensors using biomaterials that are able to detect specific target chemical substances with high sensitivity would have broad applications in many areas, ranging from biomedicine and environments to the food industry, but this has proved extremely challenging.
  • 924
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Endogenous EEG-Based BCIs for Dynamic Device Control
Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) provide a novel approach for controlling external devices. BCI technologies can be important enabling technologies for people with severe mobility impairment. Endogenous paradigms, which depend on user-generated commands and do not need external stimuli, can provide intuitive control of external devices. 
  • 923
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Augmented Reality for Surgical Robotic and Autonomous Systems
Novel surgical robots are the most sought-after approach in performing repetitive tasks in an accurate manner. Imaging technology has significantly changed the world of robotic surgery, especially when it comes to biopsies, the examination of complex vasculature for catheterization, and the visual estimation of target points for port placement. There is a great need for the image analysis of CT scans and X-rays for the identification of the correct position of an anatomical landmark such as a tumor or polyp. This information is at the core of most augmented reality systems, where development starts with the reconstruction and localization of targets. Hence, the primary role of augmented reality (AR) applications in surgery would be to visualize and guide a user towards a desired robot configuration with the help of intelligent computer vision algorithms.
  • 923
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Yoga Pose Estimation
Correct posture alignment is crucial in the practice of yoga. Posture is essential for all forms of exercise, but it is particularly critical in yoga to obtain the benefits and prevent yoga-related sports injuries. Yoga pose classification has been accomplished using a variety of computer vision techniques.
  • 923
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Fundamentals of Gut-on-a-Chip Models
Recent progress in microfluidic technology has made it possible to mimic characteristics and responses of the human gut as seen in vivo. In the past decade, researchers have enhanced organ-on-a-chip technology (GOC) models by incorporating sensors and biometers to control parameters that mimic the human gut. Most in vitro GOC models depend upon 2D cell culture models, whereby the intestinal epithelial cell lines (i.e., human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) or human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line with epithelial morphology (HT-29 cells)) are grown on extracellular matrix (ECM)-coated porous membranes inside Transwell systems or 2D monoculture plates. These models are often used to study the barrier functions and drug absorption; hence they are primarily applied in the pharmaceutical industry. 2D Transwell culture systems are simple and can be used for short-term observations; however, they fail to recapitulate the 3D structures and interactions of the native tissue such as microstructures (i.e., microvilli), mucus production, peristaltic motion, drug metabolism, etc. Another challenge with conventional models is due to the static nature the integration of commensal microbiomes, such as bacteria (i.e., E. coli) due to overgrowth and contamination of the system. To appropriately study the human gut’s physiology, pharmacology or pathology, the system used must recreate the 3D structures and microenvironment of the human gut. This can be achieved by using microfluidic platforms and incorporating live cells, thereby creating a 3D model with dynamic cell culture, and overcoming challenges such as microbial overgrowth. The most common GOC model structure has two channels (upper and lower layer), separated by a porous semipermeable membrane, which depicts the separation between the intestinal lumen and the vasculature. Furthermore, one of the two microchannels represents the lumen of the human gut. This channel aligns with the gut epithelial cells (i.e., IECs). The other channel represents the blood vessels and therefore aligns with vascular endothelial cells. The role of the semipermeable membrane is to facilitate the transport of soluble molecules and nutrients between the gut and the blood vessels.
  • 921
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Multiscale Bone Damage
The investigation of bone damage processes is a crucial point to understand the mechanisms of age-related bone fractures. In order to reduce their impact, early diagnosis is key. The intricate architecture of bone and the complexity of multiscale damage processes make fracture prediction an ambitious goal. 
  • 918
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Non-Contact Video-Based Neonatal Respiratory Monitoring
Video-based monitoring is a potential non-contact system that could improve patient care. This iterative design study developed a novel algorithm that produced RR from footage analyzed from stable NICU patients in open cribs with corrected gestational ages ranging from 33 to 40 weeks. The final algorithm used a proprietary technique of micromotion and stationarity detection (MSD) to model background noise to be able to amplify and record respiratory motions. We found significant correlation—r equals 0.948 (p value of 0.001)—between MSD and the current hospital standard, electrocardiogram impedance pneumography. Our video-based system showed a bias of negative 1.3 breaths and root mean square error of 6.36 breaths per minute compared to standard continuous monitoring. Further work is needed to evaluate the ability of video-based monitors to observe clinical changes in a larger population of patients over extended periods of time.
  • 915
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Smartphone-Based Aptasensor
Aptamers are a particular class of functional recognition ligands with high specificity and affinity to their targets. As the candidate recognition layer of biosensors, aptamers can be used to sense biomolecules. Aptasensors, aptamer-based biosensors, have been demonstrated to be specific, sensitive, and cost-effective. Furthermore, smartphone-based devices have shown their advantages in binding to aptasensors for point-of-care testing (POCT), which offers an immediate or spontaneous responding time for biological testing.
  • 915
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy (MPS): Mechanisms and Theories
Since its first report in 2006, magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS)-based biosensors have flourished over the past decade. MPS is used for a wide range of applications, such as disease diagnosis, foodborne pathogen detection, etc.
  • 913
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Technologies for Plasmon-Based Fluorescence Enhancement
Fluorescence is a widely used phenomenon in various scientific and technological fields, including biology, chemistry, medicine, and materials science. The fluorescence signal provides valuable information about molecular interactions, concentrations, and structural changes. Fluorescence exhibits numerous valuable applications, encompassing the detection of single molecules, fluorescence nanoscopy, biological labeling, and optoelectronic device functionality, among many others. Fluorescence enhancement is imperative for enhancing the sensitivity and precision of a wide range of scientific and technological applications that heavily rely on fluorescence detection. It is a crucial requirement to elevate the performance and reliability of these applications.
  • 911
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Random Laser Properties
In a random laser (RL), optical feedback arises from multiple scattering instead of conventional mirrors. RLs generate a laser-like emission, and meanwhile take advantage of a simpler and more flexible laser configuration. The applicability of RLs as light sources and optical sensors has been proved. 
  • 910
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cystic Fibrosis Human Organs-on-a-Chip
Cystic fibrosis human organs-on-a-chip can be used in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). CF is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene: the gene product responsible for transporting chloride and bicarbonate ions through the apical membrane of most epithelial cells.
  • 910
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Lung Cancer: Nodule-Focused Computer-Aided Decision Systems
The computer-aided decision (CAD) systems centered on the nodule represent the first approach dedicated to lung cancer, following the clinical proceedings, by only taking into consideration the imaging findings presented by the nodule region for the assessment. These systems comprise the detection of all possible nodule candidates and margin segmentation, followed by the stratification of the malignancy risk in order to support the clinicians.
  • 908
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
An Improved Multimodal Medical Image Fusion Approach
Multimodal medical image fusion (MMIF) is the process of merging different modalities of medical images into a single output image (fused image) with a significant quantity of information to improve clinical applicability. It enables a better diagnosis and makes the diagnostic process easier. In medical image fusion (MIF), an intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) plays a role in enhancing the quality of the image, which is useful for medical diagnosis. The research introduces an innovative approach to multimodal medical image fusion using intuitionistic fuzzy set theory. This approach shows promising results in improving the quality and accuracy of fused medical images, making it a valuable contribution to the field of medical image processing and diagnosis.
  • 905
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Bioprinting Scaffolds for Vascular Tissues
Human organ function and physiology depend on a functional vascular system to facilitate oxygen and nutrient supply, as well as the removal of metabolic products. Ischemia is temporary reduction of blood supply that can cause physiological imbalance due to a lack of oxygen (hypoxia), nutrients, and a failure to eliminate metabolic waste products. Prolonged ischemia is associate with tissue damage and potentially necrosis. In this context, avoiding ischemia time remains critical to preventing hypoxic injury and potential damages to transplant tissues and organs. Despite substantial progress in creating three-dimensional (3D) blood vessels, fabricating a functional vascular multiscale system has remained a challenge . Many techniques have been developed to fabricate vascular networks that can mimic the complexity, the unique structures, and the functionality of human blood vessels.  Among these advancements, 3D bioprinting has become an essential tool for the fabrication of vascularized bioconstructs due to improved control over vascular growth, reproducibility, and scalability of the fabrication process.
  • 900
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Virus-Like Particles for TEM Regulation against Cancer
Tumor development and metastasis are intimately associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME), and it is difficult for vector-restricted drugs to act on the TME for long-term cancer immunotherapy. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are nanocage structures self-assembled from nucleic acid free viral proteins. Most VLPs range from 20–200 nm in diameter and can naturally drain into lymph nodes to induce robust humoral immunity. As natural nucleic acid nanocarriers, their surfaces can also be genetically or chemically modified to achieve functions such as TME targeting. 
  • 896
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cell-Surface Engineering
Literature in the field of stem cell therapy indicates that, when stem cells in a state of single-cell suspension are injected systemically, they show poor in vivo survival, while such cells show robust cell survival and regeneration activity when transplanted in the state of being attached on a biomaterial surface.
  • 895
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Virus-Incorporated Biomimetic Nanocomposites
Owing to the astonishing properties of non-harmful viruses, tissue regeneration using virus-based biomimetic materials has been an emerging trend recently. The selective peptide expression and enrichment of the desired peptide on the surface, monodispersion, self-assembly, and ease of genetic and chemical modification properties have allowed viruses to take a long stride in biomedical applications. 
  • 894
  • 07 Jun 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 27
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback