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Topic Review
Bone-Conducted Ultrasound
Bone-conducted ultrasound (BCU) has unique characteristics since ultrasound is audible when it is presented through bone conduction. The most interesting is its perception in patients with profound deafness. Some patients can perceive it and discriminate speech-modulated BCU. Previous reports have suggested that BCU can be used for a hearing aid or tinnitus sound therapy.
  • 527
  • 09 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The Human Ventilator
The human ventilator as equipment for pressure energy transfer: the risk of not taking in account Engineering aspects in such a complex problem. A short essay regarding Engineering issues regarding the human ventilators and comments on available data.
  • 526
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Flexible Micro Light-Emitting Diodes
The μLED has been spotlighted as a novel fusion technology of information technology (IT) and nanotechnology (NT) and is proposed as the next-generation light source to solve numerous problems of existing OLED and QLED displays (e.g., afterimage, burn-in effect, heat/water instability, and slow response time).
  • 526
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Lung Cancer: Computer-Aided Decision Systems
Computer-aided decision systems could be defined as tools that automatically extract valuable information from medical data and help make more accurate and fast decisions. In lung cancer, CADs focus on using imaging results from CT scans and producing predictions that help the clinicians to decide on the follow-up of the patients or the best treatment plans. An effective CAD should comprise various components: pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, classification, grading and characterization of cancer. An ideal CAD would present specific features (e.g. accurate, non-invasive, low-cost, repeatable, generalizable and interpretable) to be integrated into the clinical routine of the cancer assessment.
  • 525
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Craniofacial Bone Tissue Engineering
Craniofacial Bone Tissue Engineering aims to regenerate large bone defects in the craniofacial region that cannot heal spontaneously. Bone is a hard-vascularized tissue, which renews itself continuously to adapt to the mechanical and metabolic demands of the body. The craniofacial area is prone to trauma and pathologies that often result in large bone damage, thus leading to both aesthetic and functional complications for the patients. The “gold standard” for treating these large defects is autologous bone grafting, which has various drawbacks, such as the necessity for a harvesting site with sufficient bone volume, considerable morbidity and infection. Indeed, tissue engineering combining a biomaterial with the appropriate cells and molecules of interest would allow a new therapeutic approach to treat large bone defects while minimizing surgical complications. 
  • 524
  • 21 May 2021
Topic Review
Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence
Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence (SENS) is the term coined by British biogerontologist Aubrey de Grey for the diverse range of regenerative medical therapies, either planned or currently in development, for the periodical repair of all age-related damage to human tissue with the ultimate purpose of maintaining a state of negligible senescence in the patient, thereby postponing age-associated disease for as long as the therapies are reapplied. The term "negligible senescence" was first used in the early 1990s by professor Caleb Finch to describe organisms such as lobsters and hydras, which do not show symptoms of aging. The term "engineered negligible senescence" first appeared in print in Aubrey de Grey's 1999 book The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging. De Grey called SENS a "goal-directed rather than curiosity-driven" approach to the science of aging, and "an effort to expand regenerative medicine into the territory of aging". While many biogerontologists find it "worthy of discussion", some contend that the ultimate goals of de Grey's programme are too speculative given the current state of technology, referring to it as "fantasy rather than science".
  • 523
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Virus Filter Foulants
The major classes of foulants in virus filtration. This includes irreversible and reversible product aggregates and minor product variants that differ in their charge or hydrophobicity. Product variants arise because mammalian cell-derived biotherapeutics are heterogeneous. The product is defined based on the production process and not on a single molecular species. Product variants with different post-translational modifications can have different hydrophobicity, charge, and conformations. If present, HCP, proteases, and nucleic acids can also foul the virus filter.
  • 523
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Skin Tissue Engineering
Skin tissue engineering aimed to replace chronic tissue injury commonly occurred due to severe burn and chronic wound in diabetic ulcer patients. The normal skin is unable to be regenerated until the seriously injured tissue is disrupted and losing its function. 3D-bioprinting has been one of the effective methods for scaffold fabrication and is proven to replace the conventional method, which reported several drawbacks. In light of this, researchers have developed a new fabrication approach via 3D-bioprinting by combining biomaterials (bioinks) with cells and biomolecules followed by a suitable crosslinking approach. This advanced technology has been subcategorised into three different printing techniques including inject-based, laser-based, and extrusion-based printing. However, the printable quality of the currently available bioinks demonstrated shortcomings in the physicochemical and mechanical properties.
  • 522
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Magnesium Modified β-Tricalcium Phosphate
Researchers already improved the properties of β-TCP by achieving optimum surface and bulk β-TCP chemical/physical properties through the hydrothermal addition of magnesium (Mg) and to later establish the biocompatibility of β-TCP/Mg for bone grafting and tissue engineering treatments. The present results indicate that the hydrothermal addition of 1.4 wt% MgO to the particle surface of β- TCP particle significantly increased cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation in vitro and resulted in more new bone regeneration from histologic and micro-CT evaluation in vivo compared to the β-TCP control particles; altogether, Mg was advantageous to commercial β-TCP bone regeneration.
  • 521
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasound-Induced Drug Release from Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels
Stimuli-responsive hydrogel drug delivery systems are designed to release a payload when prompted by an external stimulus. These platforms have become prominent in the field of drug delivery due to their ability to provide spatial and temporal control for drug release. Among the different external triggers that have been used, ultrasound possesses several advantages: it is non-invasive, has deep tissue penetration, and can safely transmit acoustic energy to a localized area.
  • 520
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Real-World Driver Stress Recognition and Diagnosis
Mental stress is known as a prime factor in road crashes. The devastation of these crashes often results in damage to humans, vehicles, and infrastructure. Likewise, persistent mental stress could lead to the development of mental, cardiovascular, and abdominal disorders. Preceding research in this domain mostly focuses on feature engineering and conventional machine learning approaches.
  • 519
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mitigation of Virus Filter Fouling
Even though the support structure of the virus filter can function as an inline prefilter, significant fouling is often observed due to the product- and process-related foulants could be present in the feed stream. Standard practice involves the inclusion of a virus prefilter to remove these contaminants. Virus prefilters may rely on one or more mechanisms of action for the removal of foulants.
  • 518
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
CaP-Based Coatings Fabricated by PLD
Pulsed Laser Deposition is an atractive technique used for coating dental and orthopedic implants with various biomaterials, including calcium phosphate-based ones.
  • 517
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Human Placenta Modeling
The human placenta brings the maternal and fetal circulatory systems into contact while keeping them independent, due to its intricate structure and adaptation in pregnancy. The placental barrier, composed essentially of trophoblasts, connective tissue and endothelium, separates the fetal and maternal compartments and is a key structure for this organ’s function. Maternal—fetal exchange takes place in the areas where the barrier is an extremely thin membrane (only 3.5 μm thick). Many of the human placental barrier functions are little understood and more representative models are still needed to better recapitulate the complex architecture and dynamics of the human fetal—placental barrier and provide a more in-depth understanding of the organ’s function.
  • 514
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Genitourinary Tissue Engineering
Tissue engineering is an emerging field of research that initially aimed to produce 3D tissues to bypass the lack of adequate tissues for the repair or replacement of deficient organs. 
  • 512
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Lithium Therapeutic Monitoring in Bipolar Disorder
Lithium was discovered as a therapeutic remedy for psychiatric conditions in the mid-19th century and was reintroduced one century later and it is still the most widely used medication for long-term management of bipolar disorder, where it is administered as a salt in the form of lithium carbonate/cirate/chloride/or sulfate. Bipolar disorder (BD) is a serious life-long disorder, characterized by recurrent episodes of depression and mania.
  • 512
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Electroencephalogram Control Strategies
Electroencephalography (EEG) is the most often-used brain signal in brain-machine interface applications. EEG measures brain activity electric signals generated by currents created by neurons within the brain. Several factors contribute to this popularity compared to other brain wave measurement methods. EEG signals are non-invasive, low cost, compatible, portable, and have a high temporal resolution. This explains why EEG is the most widely used tool to measure brain activity. Furthermore, it is reasonably priced and has an excellent temporal resolution (1 ms).
  • 511
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Virus-Like Particles for TEM Regulation against Cancer
Tumor development and metastasis are intimately associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME), and it is difficult for vector-restricted drugs to act on the TME for long-term cancer immunotherapy. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are nanocage structures self-assembled from nucleic acid free viral proteins. Most VLPs range from 20–200 nm in diameter and can naturally drain into lymph nodes to induce robust humoral immunity. As natural nucleic acid nanocarriers, their surfaces can also be genetically or chemically modified to achieve functions such as TME targeting. 
  • 510
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Random Laser Properties
In a random laser (RL), optical feedback arises from multiple scattering instead of conventional mirrors. RLs generate a laser-like emission, and meanwhile take advantage of a simpler and more flexible laser configuration. The applicability of RLs as light sources and optical sensors has been proved. 
  • 506
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Design Requirements for Annular Closure Devices
Microdiscectomy procedures are the most used technique for  Lumbar disc herniation; however, the annulus fibrosus is left with a defect that without treatment may contribute to high reherniation rates and changes in the biomechanics of the lumbar spine. At present there are only a few commercial devices available for annular closure.
  • 505
  • 11 Feb 2022
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