Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Cyc
Cyc (pronounced /ˈsaɪk/ SYKE) is a long-term artificial intelligence project that aims to assemble a comprehensive ontology and knowledge base that spans the basic concepts and rules about how the world works. Hoping to capture common sense knowledge, Cyc focuses on implicit knowledge that other AI platforms may take for granted. This is contrasted with facts one might find somewhere on the internet or retrieve via a search engine or Wikipedia. Cyc enables semantic reasoners to perform human-like reasoning and be less "brittle" when confronted with novel situations. Douglas Lenat began the project in July 1984 at MCC, where he was Principal Scientist 1984–1994, and then, since January 1995, has been under active development by the Cycorp company, where he is the CEO.
  • 4.0K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Land Degradation and Human Health
The land provides vital resources to support life on Earth. Land ecosystems services have social, cultural, and spiritual benefits and promote human health and well-being. However, human activities, particularly ongoing unsustainable land practices, are negatively impacting ecosystems through desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD).
  • 4.0K
  • 03 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Dinosaurs
According to Britannica, dinosaurs are described as “Triceratops, contemporary birds, their most recent common ancestor and all of their descendants.” However, for biologists, it could be simpler to picture dinosaurs as reptiles with hind limbs held erect beneath the trunk, similar to how mammals’ hind limbs are held.
  • 4.0K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Atomic Radii of the Elements (Data Page)
The atomic radius of a chemical element is the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost shell of an electron. Since the boundary is not a well-defined physical entity, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius. Depending on the definition, the term may apply only to isolated atoms, or also to atoms in condensed matter, covalently bound in molecules, or in ionized and excited states; and its value may be obtained through experimental measurements, or computed from theoretical models. Under some definitions, the value of the radius may depend on the atom's state and context. Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explicable manner across the periodic table. For instance, the radii generally decrease rightward along each period (row) of the table, from the alkali metals to the noble gases; and increase down each group (column). The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next period. These trends of the atomic radii (and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom; they provided important evidence for the development and confirmation of quantum theory.
  • 4.0K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cobalt-Chromium Dental Alloys
The processing of Co–Cr alloys by melting and casting in refractory molds remains a viable method that can support innovation, in the context of technology advance in recent years towards digitalization of the manufacturing process, i.e., the construction of prosthetic frameworks conducted by additive methods using Co–Cr powder alloy.
  • 4.0K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Graphic Communication
Graphic communication as the name suggests is communication using graphic elements. These elements include symbols such as glyphs and icons, images such as drawings and photographs, and can include the passive contributions of substrate, color and surroundings. It is the process of creating, producing, and distributing material incorporating words and images to convey data, concepts, and emotions. The field of graphic communications encompasses all phases of the graphic communications processes from origination of the idea (design, layout, and typography) through reproduction, finishing and distribution of two- or three-dimensional products or electronic transmission.
  • 4.0K
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
GLP-1 receptor agonists stimulate GLP-1R to promote insulin secretion, whereas DPP4 inhibitors slow GLP-1 degradation. Both approaches are incretin-based therapies for T2D. In addition to GLP-1 analogs, small nonpeptide GLP-1RAs such as LY3502970, TT-OAD2, and PF-06882961 have been considered as possible therapeutic alternatives.
  • 4.0K
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Clinoptilolite Characterization and EDS Analysis
Zeolites are materials of biomedical interest, in particular owing to their ability to remove metabolic products such as uremic toxins (i.e., urea, uric acid, creatinine, p-cresol, and indoxul sulfate); they are used for the regeneration of dialysis solutions and as in vivo membranes for artificial kidney. Zeolites have further important applications in the biomedical field, in fact they are used as hemostats (due to their ability to absorb water), antiseptics (when modified with silver or zinc ions), carriers for drugs and genes (adjuvant in vaccines), glucose absorbers, etc. Here, EDS microanalysis in the study of a sample of natural clinoptilolite is reported. 
  • 4.0K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Glutamatergic System in Depression
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous neuropsychological disorder characterized by a combination of symptoms that negatively impact the productivity and well-being of inflicted patients, including impairments in cognition, emotional regulation, memory, motor function, motivation, and possible suicidal ideation. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It plays an important role in several physiological functions.
  • 4.0K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Himbo
Himbo, a portmanteau of the words him and bimbo, is a slang term for an attractive but vacuous man. The word was first used in 1988. Since then, the term and the stereotype it describes have generated a range of commentary and reactions from writers, entertainers, linguists, and cultural analysts.
  • 4.0K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Rabbit Meat Production
Rabbit meat could play an important role in health, the rural economy, and sustainable development. Rabbit meat has excellent nutritional features, such as high protein content, low-fat content, and a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, low cholesterol and sodium levels. In addition, rabbit meat production contributes to maintaining economic activities in rural marginal areas.
  • 4.0K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Melatonin: ATP Regulation in MLOs
Biomolecular condensates are membraneless organelles (MLOs) that form dynamic, chemically distinct subcellular compartments organizing macromolecules such as proteins, RNA, and DNA in unicellular prokaryotic bacteria and complex eukaryotic cells. Separated from surrounding environments, MLOs in the nucleoplasm, cytoplasm, and mitochondria assemble by liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) into transient, non-static, liquid-like droplets that regulate essential molecular functions. LLPS is primarily controlled by ATP-dependent post-translational modifications (PTMs) that fine-tune the balance between attractive and repulsive charge states and/or binding motifs of proteins. Aberrant phase separation due to the absence of adequate hydrotropic small molecules such as ATP can cause pathological protein aggregation in diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant capable of protecting cardiolipin and membrane lipids raft domains from peroxidation to support ATPase functionality and ion channel activities that may exert a dominant influence over phase separation in biomolecular condensates during condensate coacervation or dissolution processes that are ATP-dependent. 
  • 4.0K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ramp Rate Limitation of Wind Power
A run for increasing the integration of renewable energy sources in the electricity network has been seen because of the big concern about environmental issues and pollution from controllable power units. Wind power is one of the most-used renewable energy sources, and the objective of limiting the ramp rate of the power output is to produce more stable power. The studies of ramp rate limitation applied in wind power production deal with the definition and detection of this phenomenon in the real data, the methodologies used to forecast it, its application for managing grids and microgrids, the different actions aimed at physically implementing the restriction, and some of the grid code requirements used in different nations.
  • 4.0K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Voxelisation Algorithms
Voxel-based data structures, algorithms, frameworks, and interfaces have been used in computer graphics and many other applications for decades. There is a general necessity to seek adequate digital representations, such as voxels, that would secure unified data structures, multi-resolution options, robust validation procedures and flexible algorithms for different 3D tasks.
  • 4.0K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
OpenMP
OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) is an application programming interface (API) that supports multi-platform shared-memory multiprocessing programming in C, C++, and Fortran, on many platforms, instruction-set architectures and operating systems, including Solaris, AIX, FreeBSD, HP-UX, Linux, macOS, and Windows. It consists of a set of compiler directives, library routines, and environment variables that influence run-time behavior. OpenMP is managed by the nonprofit technology consortium OpenMP Architecture Review Board (or OpenMP ARB), jointly defined by a broad swath of leading computer hardware and software vendors, including Arm, AMD, IBM, Intel, Cray, HP, Fujitsu, Nvidia, NEC, Red Hat, Texas Instruments, and Oracle Corporation. OpenMP uses a portable, scalable model that gives programmers a simple and flexible interface for developing parallel applications for platforms ranging from the standard desktop computer to the supercomputer. An application built with the hybrid model of parallel programming can run on a computer cluster using both OpenMP and Message Passing Interface (MPI), such that OpenMP is used for parallelism within a (multi-core) node while MPI is used for parallelism between nodes. There have also been efforts to run OpenMP on software distributed shared memory systems, to translate OpenMP into MPI and to extend OpenMP for non-shared memory systems.
  • 4.0K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission
Established in its modern form on 16 September 1961 by an executive order of President of Pakistan, it is headquartered in Karachi, Sindh Province of Pakistan. Part of the Strategic Plans Division (SPD) of Pakistan Armed Forces, which is currently headquartered at the Chakalala Military District under the control of the Pakistan Air Force ; the space programmes recorded number of pioneering accomplishments in space flight during the initial years of its establishment. The country's first satellite, Badr-I, was built by the SUPARCO and launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, China on July 16, 1990. However, during the meantime, the space programme suffered many setbacks, difficulties, and problems that partly slowed the progress of the space programme. The bureaucratic influence and politicization further lagged the space programme and many projects were cancelled by the superior authorities. Over the years, SUPARCO expanded and it now has several installations all over the country. It has multi-lateral and bilateral international agreements. SUPARCO has been quite dormant in recent years and also have failed to make any breakthroughs. SUPARCO's science and research is mainly focused and concentrated on understanding of the Solar system, Space weather, astrophysics, astronomical observation, climatic studies, space and telemedicine, remote sensing and the Earth observation.
  • 4.0K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Afrikaans Folklore
Learners of Afrikaans as an additional language could be enabled to respond to aesthetical, emotional, cultural and social values. Through the use of Afrikaans folklore teachers can focus on developing the learners' ability to behave with cultural and aesthetic sensitivity in different social contexts. Afrikaans examples of folklore are mentioned and discussed briefly to include stories with humour, magic, the transmission of social and cultural values and traditions, ecological meaning, idiomatic expressions, praise poems, ogre characters and stereotypes. By means of a well-known background and/or context of a text, learners of Afrikaans as an additional language can become aware of the aesthetic range of the target language; they can become acquainted with the depth and content of meaning implied in the text. If a text is understood, the reader becomes personally involved and this, in itself, can lead the reader to interact creatively with the text - from the mechanical aspect of the language system to the analytical aspect - where s/he can participate in the story. The learner can thus discover how the events unfold, s/he can share the characters' emotional experiences and communicate their personal responses. Herein lies the relevance of a good reading text (despite the origin) - because the reader inhabits the text and in the process the language becomes transparent.
  • 4.0K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Buddhism in Addiction Recovery
Buddhism was established by Guatama Buddha as a practice to liberate sentient beings from suffering. Mindfulness-Based interventions (MBIs) are Western psychologists’ adaptation of mindfulness/Vipassana to treat mental illnesses. In addition to mindfulness, Buddhist recovery peer-support programs also adopt the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and the Five Precepts, which are the Buddha’s prescription to cease suffering and to discipline one’s ethical conduct.
  • 4.0K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin(thio)one Containing Scaffold
The interest in 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-(thio)ones is increasing every day, mainly due to their paramount biological relevance. The Biginelli reaction is the classical approach to reaching these scaffolds, although the product diversity suffers from some limitations. In order to overcome these restrictions, two main approaches have been devised. The first one involves the modification of the conventional components of the Biginelli reaction and the second one refers to the postmodification of the Biginelli products. Both strategies have been extensively revised in this manuscript. Regarding the first one, initially, the modification of one of the components was covered. Although examples of modifications of the three of them were described, by far the modification of the keto ester counterpart was the most popular approach, and a wide variety of different enolizable carbonylic compounds were used; moreover, changes in two or the three components were also described, broadening the substitution of the final dihydropyrimidines. Together with these modifications, the use of Biginelli adducts as a starting point for further modification was also a very useful strategy to decorate the final heterocyclic structure.
  • 4.0K
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are a porous inorganic framework synthesized using the inorganic silica sources sodium silicates or silica tetraethyl orthosilicate as a precursor with quaternary ammonium salts as the surfactant. The size and porosity of MSNs are regulated by various factors such as surfactants, the source of silica, ion strength, aging duration, temperature, and pH. Highly ordered mesoporous silica came into the limelight after the fabrication of the silica-based material Mobile crystalline material 41 (MCM) by Kazuyuki Kuroda’s groups and scientists at Mobil Oil Corporation from aluminium silicate gel. MSNs have a unique porous solid framework with a large surface area facilitating functionalization with various functional groups for targeted drug delivery. MCM-41, MCM-48, and SBA-15 are the most common mesoporous silica materials with two-dimensional hexagonal and three-dimensional cubic structures possessing pore sizes of 2–10 nm.
  • 4.0K
  • 06 May 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 2727
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback