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Topic Review
Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been advocated as nanocarriers for the treatment of various diseases because of their physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. The use of MSNs combined with therapeutic agents can provide better encapsulation and effective delivery. MSNs as nanocarriers might also be a promising tool to lower the therapeutic dosage levels and thereby to reduce undesired side effects. Furthermore, when combined with imaging compounds for diagnosis, they can be employed as theragnostic agents thus allowing both imaging and therapy using the same nanoparticle.
  • 4.1K
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Social Stratification
Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in a society based on various attributes such as wealth, social status, and power. This system categorizes people into different strata, influencing their access to resources, opportunities, and privileges. Social stratification is a pervasive phenomenon that shapes social interactions and plays a crucial role in determining an individual's life chances and societal positioning.
  • 4.1K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Fucoxanthin Extracted from Brown Algae
The scientific community has corroborated the numerous beneficial activities of fucoxanthin, such as its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer or neuroprotective effects, among others. These properties have attracted the attention of nutraceutical, cosmetic and pharmacological industries, giving rise to various possible applications. Fucoxanthin may be chemically produced, but the extraction from natural sources is considered more cost-effective, efficient and eco-friendly. Thus, identifying suitable sources of this compound and giving a general overview of efficient extraction, quantification, purification and stabilization studies is of great importance for the future production and commercialization of fucoxanthin. The entry describes the potential applications of fucoxanthin pigment. Its production must face several challenges since its chemical synthesis represents a complex process which is not efficient and the extraction method from marine organisms has been not standardized. The main characteristic of a profitable product is to be obtained by using simple, fast, and based on low-cost technologies. This work provides an overview of different extraction conditions that may help in the standardization of the process, especially important at an industrial level. Therefore, the main aim of this work has been to underline the best algae species in terms of fucoxanthin production and the most promising extraction and purification methods, while offering a complete panorama of the described bioactivities of fucoxanthin which includes bioavailability, administration via, doses and stability of the molecule under different conditions.
  • 4.1K
  • 07 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Religious Trauma Syndrome
Religious trauma syndrome (RTS) is recognized in psychology and psychotherapy as a set of symptoms, ranging in severity, experienced by those who have participated in and left behind authoritarian, dogmatic, and controlling religious groups and belief systems. Symptoms include cognitive, affective, functional, and social/cultural issues as well as developmental delays. RTS occurs in response to two-fold trauma: first the prolonged abuse of indoctrination from a controlling religious community, and secondly the act of leaving the controlling religious community. RTS has developed as its own heuristic collection of symptoms informed by psychological theories of trauma originating in PTSD, C-PTSD and betrayal trauma theory, taking relational and social context into account when approaching further research and treatment. The term religious trauma syndrome was coined in 2011 by psychologist Marlene Winell in an article for British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies, though the phenomenon was recognized long before that. The term has circulated among psychotherapists, former fundamentalists, and others recovering from religious indoctrination. Winell explains the need for a label and the benefits of naming the symptoms encompassed by RTS as similar to naming anorexia as a disorder: the label can lessen shame and isolation for survivors while promoting diagnosis, treatment, and training for professionals who work with those suffering from the condition. Survivors report relief when they find out that RTS is “real.”
  • 4.1K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mattur: The Village Living in Ancient India
Mattur, a quaint village in the state of Karnataka, India, is renowned for its unique preservation of Sanskrit language and Vedic traditions. This article explores the cultural, historical, and social aspects of Mattur, examining how the village has maintained ancient Indian practices in the modern era. By delving into the daily life, education system, and cultural activities of Mattur's residents, we gain insights into the enduring legacy of India's ancient heritage.
  • 4.1K
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Existential Suffering in Palliative Care
Existential suffering refers to one's angst due to a perceived loss of meaning, hope, relationships, and a sense of self in thinking about death and dying. Quality palliative care not only takes care of patients’ physical and existential suffering but also fills their last days with opportunities for redemption, spiritual growth, and reconciliation. We propose a holistic approach as illustrated by the healing wheel, involving health care providers, the community, patients, and a Higher Power.
  • 4.1K
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Economy Car
An economy car is an automobile that is designed for low-cost purchase and operation. Typical economy cars are small (compact or subcompact), lightweight, and inexpensive to buy. Economy car designers are forced by stringent design constraints to be inventive. Many innovations in automobile design were originally developed for economy cars, such as the Ford Model T and the Austin Mini. The alternative approach, other than innovating to build a low-cost car, is to build a stripped-down, no-frills version of a conventional car. Gordon Murray, the Formula 1 and McLaren F1 designer, said when designing his new Murray T.25 city car: "I would say that building a car to sell for six thousand pounds and designing that for a high-volume production, where you have all the quality issues under control, is a hundred times more difficult than designing a McLaren F1, or even a racing car. It is certainly the biggest challenge I've ever had from a design point of view."
  • 4.1K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Biography
Margaret Hamilton
Margaret Heafield Hamilton (born Heafield on August 17, 1936)[1] is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner. She is credited with coining the term, "software engineering". Hamilton was Director of the Software Engineering Division[2] of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for the Apollo space program.[3] In 1986, she became th
  • 4.1K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Musa Fruits in Nutritive Phytopharmacology
Nutritional quality and the well-being of the body system are directly linked aspects     of human survival. From the unborn foetus to adulthood, the need for sustainable access to micronutrient-rich foods is pertinent and the global consumption of banana and plantain fruits, in effect, contributes to the alleviation of the scourge of malnutrition. This review is particularly aimed at evaluating the pharmacological dimensions through the biological mechanisms of Musa fruits  in the body, which represent correlations with their constituent micronutrient factors and dietary polyphenolic constituents such as minerals, vitamin members, anthocyanins, lutein, α-,β- carotenes, neoxanthins and cryptoxanthins, epi- and gallo catechins, catecholamines, 3-carboxycoumarin, β-sitosterol, monoterpenoids, with series of analytical approaches for the various identified compounds being highlighted therein.
  • 4.1K
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Rodrigues
Rodrigues (French: Île Rodrigues [il ʁɔdʁiɡ]; Creole: Rodrig) is a 108 km2 (42 sq mi) autonomous outer island of the Republic of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, about 560 km (350 mi) east of Mauritius. It is part of the Mascarene Islands, which include Mauritius and Réunion. Rodrigues is of volcanic origin and is surrounded by coral reef, and some tiny uninhabited islands lie just off its coast. The island used to be the tenth District of Mauritius; it gained autonomous status on 10 December 2002, and it is governed by the Rodrigues Regional Assembly. The capital of the island is Port Mathurin. Its inhabitants are Mauritian citizens. (As of 2014), the island's population was about 41,669, according to Statistics Mauritius. Most of the inhabitants are of African descent. Its economy is based mainly on fishing, farming, handicraft and a developing tourism sector. The island (together with Agaléga and Saint Brandon) forms part of the larger territory of the Republic of Mauritius with the President as head of state and the Chief Commissioner as head of government.
  • 4.1K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Luminous Fungi of Japan
Luminous fungi have long attracted public attention in Japan, from old folklore and fiction to current tourism, children’s toys, games, and picture books. 25 species of luminous fungi have been discovered in Japan, which correspond to approximately one-fourth of the globally recognized species. This species richness is arguably due to the abundant presence of mycophiles looking to find new mushroom species and a tradition of night-time activities, such as firefly watching, in Japan.
  • 4.1K
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Zone Refining
Zone refining is a technology of deeply purifying metals. Its essence is to use the difference in solubility of impurity elements in the solid and molten state of the main metal to precipitate the impurities or change the distribution of the impurity elements. It provides an effective and easy method for preparing high-purity metals. 
  • 4.1K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Cat-Scratch Disease’s Neuro-Ophthalmological Effects
Cat-scratch disease is an illness caused by Bartonella henselae that occurs as a result of contact with an infected kitten or dog, such as a bite or scratch. It is more prevalent in children and young adults, as well as immunocompromised individuals. Among the ophthalmologic disorders caused by cat-scratch disease in humans, Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome, uveitis, vitritis, retinitis, retinochoroiditis and optic neuritis are the most prevalent. The neurological disorders caused by cat-scratch disease in humans include encephalopathy, transverse myelitis, radiculitis, and cerebellar ataxia.
  • 4.1K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Phospholipids
Phospholipids are unique and versatile molecules. They are of natural occurrence and the main components in cellular membranes. Arranged as a lipid bilayer, phospholipids play a significant role in the structure and functionality of biological membranes. They are amphiphilic and consist of a hydrophilic headgroup and a lipophilic/hydrophobic tail.
  • 4.1K
  • 04 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Compositional Engineering of Perovskites
We give a systematic overview of compositional engineering by distinguishing the different defect-reducing mechanisms. Doping effects are divided into influences on: (1) crystallization; (2) lattice properties. Incorporation of dopant influences the lattice properties by: (a) lattice strain relaxation; (b) chemical bonding enhancement; (c) band gap tuning. The intrinsic lattice strain in undoped perovskite was shown to induce vacancy formation. The incorporation of smaller ions, such as Cl, F and Cd, increases the energy for vacancy formation. Zn doping is reported to induce strain relaxation but also to enhance the chemical bonding. The combination of computational studies using (DFT) calculations quantifying and qualifying the defect-reducing propensities of different dopants with experimental studies is essential for a deeper understanding and unraveling insights, such as the dynamics of iodine vacancies and the photochemistry of the iodine interstitials, and can eventually lead to a more rational approach in the search for optimal photovoltaic materials.
  • 4.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Life Cycle of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
Stem rust or black rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Erikss. and E. Henn. (Pgt), leaf rust or brown rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Erikss. (Pt) and the wheat stripe rust or yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Erikss. (Pst), is a historically crucial economic disease that occurs in almost all wheat-growing regions worldwide.
  • 4.1K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
YUC in Plant Developmental Processes
The YUC gene family encodes the rate-limiting enzymes in the TAA/YUC pathway, which stands as the primary endogenous auxin biosynthesis pathway in plants. YUC-medicated local auxin biosynthesis is important for establishing auxin gradient within cells/tissues and precisely regulating various major developmental processes such as root development, leaf morphogenesis, and reproductive development. The spatiotemporal expressions of different YUC genes enable function specialization across different plant species.
  • 4.1K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Sustainable Fashion Consumption
The fast-fashion market is becoming popular, escalating, and aggravating the throwaway culture phenomenon. Thus, it is valuable to understand the factors that influence sustainable fashion consumption and the clothing disposal pattern among young consumers in developing countries like Malaysia. Personal norms, social norms, and environmental awareness were the key influencing factors of sustainable fashion consumption. Philanthropic clothing disposal approaches such as donating clothes to charity or giving them away to family and friends, and selling old clothing for economic reasons are popular among young adults in Malaysia. Facilitating conditions to dispose of unwanted clothing is not as crucial as in developing countries. Many areas in developing countries still lack or are unable to locate facilities that collect unwanted clothing.
  • 4.1K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Phenolic Compounds and Its Linkage
Medicinal plants, along with cereals, fruits, herbs, and vegetables, are the main sources of phenolic compounds, of which nearly 10,000 have been reported in nature to date. They are secondary metabolites produced by plants to protect them from abiotic factors (e.g., drought, extreme temperatures, floods, heavy metals, pH, radiation, salinity, and soils) and biotic factors, such as animals and pathogens attack.
  • 4.1K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Transactional Distance Theory and Distance Learning Contexts
Moore established transactional distance theory (TDT) to grasp transactional distance in the context of distance learning. Research using TDT in distance, open, and online learning environments has been undertaken. However, there are information gaps about what constitutes progress, future directions, and research deficits pertaining to TDT in the context of distance education. TDT research in distance learning integrates various theories and models; nevertheless, there is a movement toward acceptance models and how to incorporate more relevant theories within the framework of distance learning. Future studies should integrate other aspects such as student motivation, student acceptance of technology, and student preparedness and desire to utilize technology in learning environments. As most research samples students, a research gap involving instructors and heterogeneous groups is proposed. It is projected that quantitative research will predominate in the future, leaving qualitative and mixed approaches as areas of investigation. 
  • 4.1K
  • 10 Feb 2023
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