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Topic Review
Nanomedicine for Ischemic Stroke
Stroke is a severe brain disease leading to disability and death. Ischemic stroke dominates in stroke cases, and there are no effective therapies in clinic, partly due to the challenges in delivering therapeutics to ischemic sites in the brain. This review is focused on the current knowledge of pathogenesis in ischemic stroke, and its potential therapies and diagnostics. Furthermore, we present recent advances in developments of nanoparticle-based therapeutics for improved treatment of ischemic stroke using polymeric NPs, liposomes and cell-derived nanovesicles. We also address several critical questions in ischemic stroke, such as understanding how nanoparticles cross the blood brain barrier and developing in vivo imaging technologies to address this critical question. Finally, we discuss new opportunities in developing novel therapeutics by targeting activated brain endothelium and inflammatory neutrophils to improve the current therapies for ischemic stroke.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Tau Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease and Down Syndrome
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit an almost complete penetrance of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology but are underrepresented in clinical trials for AD. The Tau protein is associated with microtubule function in the neuron and is crucial for normal axonal transport. In several different neurodegenerative disorders, Tau misfolding leads to hyper-phosphorylation of Tau (p-Tau), which may seed pathology to bystander cells and spread.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Cysteine Cathepsins
Cysteine cathepsins are lysosomal enzymes belonging to the papain family. Their expression is misregulated in a wide variety of tumors, and ample data prove their involvement in cancer progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and in the occurrence of drug resistance.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Feb 2021
Topic Review
MiRNA in Rhabdomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood and adolescence, is a rare but aggressive malignancy that originates from immature mesenchymal cells committed to skeletal muscle differentiation. Although RMS is, generally, responsive to the modern multimodal therapeutic approaches, the prognosis of RMS depends on multiple variables and for some patients the outcome remains dismal. Further comprehension of the molecular and cellular biology of RMS would lead to identification of novel therapeutic targets. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs proved to function as key regulators of skeletal muscle cell fate determination and to play important roles in RMS pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to better delineate the role of miRNAs as a biomarkers or functional leaders in RMS development, so to possibly elucidate some of RMS molecular mechanisms and potentially therapeutically target them to improve clinical management of pediatric RMS.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Oxidized Albumin
Albumin is a major plasma protein, capable of partially crossing the glomerular filtration barrier, and reabsorbed mainly by the proximal tubule through different mechanisms. Among the different post-translational modifications that albumin can undergo, oxidation, cysteinylation, glycation, S-nitrilation, and S-guanylation appear as the most common. In particular, the oxidized form of albumin has been associated with obesity, being a risk factor in patients with chronic kidney disease, however, this relation remains to be clarify.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for T-ALL
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), a T-cell neoplasia that mainly affects children, is still a medical challenge, especially for refractory patients for whom therapeutic options are scarce. Recent advances in targeted immunotherapies for other hematopoietic neoplasias have engendered unprecedented expectations for the successful treatment of T-ALL patients, with the challenge still pending on establishing protocols for clinical management of associated side effects. This review provides a comprehensive update on the different immunotherapeutic strategies that are being currently applied to T-ALL. We highlight recent progress on the identification of new therapeutic targets showing promising preclinical results, and discuss current challenges and opportunities for developing novel safe and efficacious immunotherapies for T-ALL. Collectively, we conclude that current progress on: 1) the application of universal off-the-shelf CAR T cells that prevent fratricide; 2) the incorporation of suicide genes allowing for CAR T-cell elimination after tumor eradication and T-cell immunodeficiency reversion; and 3) the discovery of increasingly specific molecular targets proved critical for disease progression in preclinical models, has tilted the balance between risks and benefits towards the use of immunotherapy for relapse/refractory T-ALL. Still, avoidance of associated adverse effects demands further efforts for the identification of new unique T-ALL antigens absent on normal T cells that guarantee the safe and effective application of these strategies.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins (PBUTs) and Cellular Transporters
Uremic toxins are a heterogeneous group of molecules that accumulate in the body due to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), being only partially eliminated by dialysis therapies. Several uremic toxins bind to albumin and also enter cells via membrane transporters, triggering pathophysiological processes.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (Salivary Biomarkers)
Saliva as a biological fluid has a remarkable potential in the non-invasive diagnostics of several systemic disorders. Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Transcription Factor AP4
AP4 is encoded by a Myc target gene and mediates cell fate decisions by regulating multiple processes, such as cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stemness, apoptosis, and cellular senescence.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
Becker muscular dystrophy is a mild X-linked form of dystrophinopathy, with frequent cardiomyopathy.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
The Gamma-Tubulin Meshwork
γTubulin is part of a family of GTPases called the tubulins. Due to the self-polymerizing ability of γ-tubulin, in combination with its presence in all cellular compartments, γtubulin can be organized in γ-strings, and γ-tubules, and the γ-strings associated with the centrosome. These components are interlinked to form a cellular meshwork in both the cytosol (including all cellular organelles) and the nuclear compartment.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Ataxia-Telangiectasia and Bone Marrow Transplantation
Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by a progressive cerebellar neurodegeneration, immunodeficiency, infertility, and cancer predisposition, with high incidence of leukemia and lymphoma.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypercholesterolemia is a widespread hereditary metabolic disease caused by elevated serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), leading to premature coronary artery disease. Hypercholesterolemia is one of the leading causes of CVD, and when treated appropriately, it can reduce the risk of CVD-related morbidity and death.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Hepatocyte Polyploidy and Chronic Liver Diseases
Polyploidy, also known as whole-genome amplification, is a condition in which the organism has more than two basic sets of chromosomes. Polyploidy frequently arises during tissue development and repair, and in age-associated diseases, such as cancer. Its consequences are diverse and clearly different between systems. The liver is a particularly fascinating organ in that it can adapt its ploidy to the physiological and pathological context. 
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin E in Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Diseases
Vitamin E is one of the most popular fat-soluble vitamins in pathological research and has been under scrutiny since the 1980s as a vital dietary component of food. The antioxidant effect of vitamin E has been widely studied due to its benefits in the prevention of various cardiovascular diseases. The earliest research on vitamin E established its roles as a fat-soluble antioxidant due to lowered rates of atherosclerosis and an overall reduction in cardiovascular mortality observed in randomized-controlled trials. While these studies could not pinpoint the exact reasons behind vitamin E’s effect, it has been well-established in the past to be an effective radical scavenger to prevent LDL oxidation and foam cell formation, and subsequently prevents the formation of atherosclerotic lesions, inhibits plaque build-up and stenosis, and lowers hypertension—which are all major risk factors of poor vascular health. 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Ca2+ Signaling and Bioenergetics in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a hereditary and sporadic neurodegenerative illness defined by the gradual and cumulative loss of neurons in specific brain areas. The processes that cause AD are still under investigation and there are no available therapies to halt it. Progress puts at the forefront the “calcium (Ca2+) hypothesis” as a key AD pathogenic pathway, impacting neuronal, astrocyte and microglial function. An increasing body of evidence points out the early and crucial role of cellular Ca2+ handling dysregulation in AD pathogenesis. Interestingly, Ca2+ is a key regulator of several mitochondrial functions, such as ATP production, and brain cells rely mostly on OXPHOS to match their energy demands.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota Alterations in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease characterized by immune cell infiltration in the central nervous system and destruction of myelin sheaths. Alterations of gut bacteria abundances are present in MS patients. In mouse models of neuroinflammation, depletion of microbiota results in amelioration of symptoms, and gavage with MS patient microbiota exacerbates the disease and inflammation via Th17 cells. 
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Copper Deficiency
Copper deficiency, or hypocupremia, is defined either as insufficient copper to meet the needs of the body, or as a serum copper level below the normal range. The neurodegenerative syndrome of copper deficiency has been recognized for some time in ruminant animals, in which it is commonly known as "swayback". Copper deficiency can manifest in parallel with vitamin B12 and other nutritional deficiencies.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Micro RNA in Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a major concern worldwide and can be attributed to an imbalance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption due to the natural aging process. Heritable factors account for 60–80% of optimal bone mineralization; however, the finer details of pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. Micro RNA (miRNA) and long-non-coding RNA (lncRNA) are two targets that have recently come into the spotlight due to their ability to control gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and provide epigenetic modification. miRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs that are approximately 18–25 nucleotides long. It is thought that up to 60% of human protein-coding genes may be regulated by miRNAs. They have been found to regulate gene expression that controls osteoblast-dependent bone formation and osteoclast-related bone remodeling. lncRNAs are highly structured RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that do not translate into proteins. They have very complex secondary and tertiary structures and the same degradation processes as messenger RNAs. The fact that they have a rapid turnover is due to their sponge function in binding the miRNAs that lead to a degradation of the lncRNA itself. They can act as signaling, decoy, and framework molecules, or as primers. Current evidence suggests that lncRNAs can act as chromatin and transcriptional as well as post-transcriptional regulators. With regards to osteoporosis, lncRNA is thought to be involved in the proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory response of the bone. This review, which is based on a systematic appraisal of the current literature, provides current molecular and genetic opinions on the roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs in osteoporosis. Further research into the epigenetic modification and the regulatory roles of these molecules will bring us closer to potential disease-modifying treatment for osteoporosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of both type 1 and 2 diabetes. As a result, neuropathic pain, diabetic foot ulcers and lower-limb amputations impact drastically on quality of life, contributing to the individual, societal, financial and healthcare burden of diabetes.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jun 2021
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