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Topic Review
The Next-Generation Immune Checkpoint LAG-3
The blockade of immune checkpoints (ICPs), such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), has propelled the field of immuno-oncology into its current era.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Animal Inflammatory Bowel Disease
In the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the gut microbiota has been established as a key factor. Recently, metabolomics has become important for understanding the functional relevance of gut microbial changes in disease. Animal models for IBD enable the study of factors involved in disease development. However, results from animal studies may not represent the human situation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether results from metabolomics studies on animal models for IBD were similar to those from studies on IBD patients. Medline and Embase were searched for relevant studies up to May 2017. The Covidence systematic review software was used for study screening, and quality assessment was conducted for all included studies. Data showed a convergence of ~17% for metabolites differentiated between IBD and controls in human and animal studies with amino acids being the most differentiated metabolite subclass. The acute dextran sodium sulfate model appeared as a good model for analysis of systemic metabolites in IBD, but analytical platform, age, and biological sample type did not show clear correlations with any significant metabolites. In conclusion, this systematic review highlights the variation in metabolomics results, and emphasizes the importance of expanding the applied detection methods to ensure greater coverage and convergence between the various different patient phenotypes and animal models of inflammatory bowel disease.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Immune Cell Trafficking across the Different CNS Barriers
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) known for the manifestation of demyelinated lesions throughout the CNS, leading to neurodegeneration. To date, not all pathological mechanisms that drive disease progression are known, but the clinical benefits of anti-CD20 therapies have put B cells in the spotlight of MS research.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Natural Killer Cell Therapies
The natural killer (NK) cells of the immune system identify and remove stressed, infected, or cancerous cells in the body. This anti-tumor functionality has been harnessed through promising cell-based therapies that involve the isolation, expansion, activation, and delivery of NK cells for the treatment of several cancers.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Small heat shock proteins: Structure and subcellular localization
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones participating primarily in protein folding preventing protein degradation and subsequent cellular distress.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Leptin in Obesity and Immune Response
Leptin, an adipokine regulating body fat mass, represents a key molecule in obesity, able to modulate immune responses and foster chronic inflammatory response in peripheral tissues.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
B7 Molecules on Dendritic Cells after LPS Stimulation
A key aspect of the inflammatory phenomenon is the involvement of costimulatory molecules expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and their ability to secrete cytokines to set instructions for adaptive immune response and to generate tolerance or inflammation. In a novel integrative approach, the evaluation of the kinetic expression of the membrane and soluble B7 costimulatory molecules CD86, ICOS-L, PDL1, PDL2 was presented, the transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4), and the cytokines produced by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) after challenging them with different concentrations of stimulation with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for various lengths of time. The evaluation showed that the stimuli concentration and time of exposure to LPS are critical factors in modulating the dynamic expression pattern of membrane and soluble B7 molecules and cytokines.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade Immunotherapy
Immune checkpoint blockade targeting PD-1/PD-L1 has a promising therapeutic efficacy in different tumors, but a significant percentage of patients cannot benefit from this therapy due to primary and acquired resistance during treatment. Key mechanisms about modulating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, such as depletion of Tregs, IDO, or MDSCs, interfering suppressive cytokines and inhibiting alternative immune checkpoints, may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. 
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer (CRC)
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer type, only behind breast cancer and lung cancer in females and prostate cancer and lung cancer in males. CRC is also a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Antigenicity of the Brucella Cell Wall
The members of Brucella spp. as Gram-negative bacteria are characterized by their sandwich-structured cell envelopes composed of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-covered bacterial outer membrane and the inner cytoplasmic cell membrane with a thin peptidoglycan layer between them in the periplasmic space.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 in the Brain and Nervous System
COVID-19 can spread throughout the central nervous system, impacting the brain and spinal cord, and neurological symptoms could explain this in people infected with long-term infection.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Solid Tumors
Immunotherapies based on immune checkpoint blockade have shown remarkable clinical outcomes and durable responses in patients with many tumor types. These therapies lack efficacy in most cancer patients, even causing severe adverse events in a small subset of patients, such as inflammatory disorders and hyper-progressive disease. To diminish the risk of developing serious toxicities, intratumor delivery of monoclonal antibodies could be a solution. Encouraging results have been shown in both preclinical and clinical studies.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
CAR-Based Therapy for Autoimmune and Immune-Mediated Diseases
The pervasive application of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based cellular therapies in the treatment of oncological diseases has long been recognized. However, CAR T cells can target and eliminate autoreactive cells in autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases. By doing so, they can contribute to an effective and relatively long-lasting remission. In turn, CAR Treg interventions may have a highly effective and durable immunomodulatory effect via a direct or bystander effect, which may have a positive impact on the course and prognosis of autoimmune diseases. CAR-based cellular techniques have a complex theoretical foundation and are difficult to implement in practice, but they have a remarkable capacity to suppress the destructive functions of the immune system.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
NOD-Like Receptors in Brief
NOD-Like Receptors (NLRs) represent a critical component of the innate immune system, serving as intracellular sentinels that detect a wide array of pathogenic and danger signals. These versatile receptors play a pivotal role in maintaining immune homeostasis, defending against microbial invaders, and contributing to the onset of inflammatory responses when necessary. 
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
CAR T-Cell Immunotherapy Treating T-ALL
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), a form of T-cell malignancy, is a typically aggressive hematological malignancy with high rates of disease relapse and a poor prognosis. Guidelines do not recommend any specific treatments for these patients, and only allogeneic stem cell transplant, which is associated with potential risks and toxicities, is a curative therapy. Clinical trials showed that immunotherapies, including monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, and CAR T therapies, are successful in treating hematologic malignancies. CAR T cells, which specifically target the B-cell surface antigen CD19, have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in the treatment of B-cell acute leukemia, and some progress has been made in the treatment of other hematologic malignancies. However, the development of CAR T-cell immunotherapy targeting T-cell malignancies appears more challenging due to the potential risks of fratricide, T-cell aplasia, immunosuppression, and product contamination.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Natural Killer Cells in Immunotherapy
Here, the last pre-clinical and clinical studies published in the last five years where natural killer (NK) cells have been administered as an immunotherapy option for the treatment of cancer patients. Author describe studies administering NK cells alone and in combination with monoclonal antibodies that either promote antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity or block immune checkpoint receptors. They review the use of genetically modified NK cells including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified NK cells and other modifications that can enhance the anti-tumor activity of NK cells. Moreover, author describe studies related to the antimicrobial activity of NK cells as we believe they demonstrate important lessons that we can learn and apply to improve the anti-tumor activity of NK cells. All these studies are described with the aim to find tips to improve the success of NK cells as an immunotherapy option in cancer patients.
  • 1.0K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Central Nervous System Delivery of Antibodies
Antibodies, otherwise known as immunoglobulins (Igs), are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells and are mostly found in blood and lymphoid tissues. The primary function of antibodies in vivo is to recognize and neutralize infectious agents, such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Antibodies are directed against various antigens and play a pivotal role in the defense mechanism of higher vertebrates and are also involved in autoimmune diseases and allergies.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Dendritic Cells in Brief
Dendritic cells, often dubbed the "conductors" of the immune orchestra, are a remarkable subset of immune cells with a pivotal role in orchestrating our body's immune responses. Originating from hematopoietic stem cells, dendritic cells are strategically stationed in various tissues, acting as vigilant sentinels. These cells excel in capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to other immune cells, thereby initiating and shaping both innate and adaptive immunity. In the realm of innate immunity, dendritic cells are the rapid responders to infections and tissue damage. They sense danger signals, phagocytose pathogens, and release signals that summon reinforcements. Crucially, they bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immunity, acting as educators to naive T cells, thereby shaping our body's memory against specific pathogens. Beyond their role as immune initiators, dendritic cells play a vital part in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Their functions can either promote disease progression, as seen in certain infections, or help mitigate autoimmune reactions or combat cancer. As research advances, dendritic cells continue to be at the forefront of immunology, offering promising avenues for therapeutic interventions and a deeper understanding of immune responses and disease processes.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Inflammation Markers in CKD
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major health problems of the modern age. It represents an important public health challenge with an ever-lasting rising prevalence, which reached almost 700 million by the year 2017. Therefore, it is very important to identify patients at risk for CKD development and discover risk factors that cause the progression of the disease. Several studies have tackled this conundrum in recent years, novel markers have been identified, and new insights into the pathogenesis of CKD have been gained. This review summarizes the evidence on markers of inflammation and their role in the development and progression of CKD. It will focus primarily on cytokines, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules. Nevertheless, further large, multicenter studies are needed to establish the role of these markers and confirm possible treatment options in everyday clinical practice. 
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Immune Microenvironment in AML
Acute myeloid leukemia is a life-threatening malignant disorder arising in a complex and dysregulated microenvironment that, in part, promotes the leukemogenesis. Treatment of relapsed and refractory AML, despite the current overall success rates in management of pediatric AML, remains a challenge with limited options considering the heavy but unsuccessful pretreatments in these patients.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Apr 2021
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