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Topic Review
Colloidal Drug in Psoriasis Management
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that moderately affects social and interpersonal relationships. It is rapidly built up by skin surface cells which quickly form itchy and painful red patches. An everlasting cure for psoriasis is not available; nevertheless, its effect can be decreased by quitting smoking, moisturizing, and stress management.
  • 946
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Skeletal Muscle Wasting
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is the name for a superfamily of proteins, including myostatin, that functions in the body to affect growth and to stimulate the inflammatory response along with other functions covered elsewhere. TGF-β in skeletal muscle not only contributed to muscle fibrosis in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) disease, but also promoted skeletal muscle atrophy by decreasing muscle fiber diameter and amounts of heavy chain myosin (MHC) in muscle tissue. 
  • 945
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency-Classification, Microbiology Association, and Treatment
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is produced by a defect in the functions and/or numbers of the immune cells (T and B cells). It manifests early in life. It can be fatal if it is left untreated. Numerous microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites cause infectious diseases as pneumonia, meningitis, skin infections, gastrointestinal and many others. Stem cell transplantation at early age is the definitive treatment of choice and can cure the disease. Other treatment includes the use of antimicrobials, enzyme-replacement therapy and gene therapy.
  • 943
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cosmetic Pretreatment Techniques
The diversity of cosmetic matrices requires appropriate pretreatment methods. For emulsified cosmetics rich in emulsifiers and thickeners, techniques such as field-assisted extraction, which utilizes oscillation or microwave-assisted heating, and supercritical fluid extraction, often with CO2, are preferred. Conversely, liquid cosmetics with simpler matrices benefit from phase separation techniques such as liquid–liquid extraction. Aqueous extraction is ideal for products rich in polar compounds, while headspace analysis is best suited for isolating volatile constituents.
  • 941
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Lung Disease in Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive, life-threatening condition affecting many organs and tissues, the lung disease being the chief cause of morbidity and mortality. Mutations affecting the CF Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene determine the expression of a dysfunctional protein that, in turn, triggers a pathophysiological cascade, leading to airway epithelium injury and remodeling.
  • 939
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Polyphenolic-Loaded Nanocarriers for Inflammation-Mediated Diseases
The global increase and prevalence of inflammatory-mediated diseases have been a great menace to human welfare. Several works have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potentials of natural polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoid derivatives (EGCG, rutin, apigenin, naringenin) and phenolic acids (GA, CA, etc.), among others (resveratrol, curcumin, etc.). In order to improve the stability and bioavailability of these natural polyphenolic compounds, their recent loading applications in both organic (liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, etc.) and inorganic (mesoporous silica, heavy metals, etc.) nanocarrier technologies are being employed. 
  • 938
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Circulating Biomarkers of Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common neoplasms worldwide. It is the second most frequently diagnosed malignancy in women and third in men. It is estimated that more than one million people worldwide develop CRC every year. In addition, this carcinoma is the second leading cause of cancer death in Europe, ranking fourth in males and third in females.
  • 937
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
GSH Protects Cells against Stress through Multiple Pathways
Methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) are the only sulfur-containing amino acids, and Cys can be synthesized through the transsulfuration reaction associated with Met metabolism. Met is metabolized to S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which provides either the carbon backbone for polyamines or methyl groups for some other compounds, including DNA . Meanwhile, Cys comes from extracellular sources or is the product of the transsulfuration reaction and then becomes the precursor for sulfur-containing components or mediators. These include glutathione (GSH), taurine, coenzyme A, hydrogen sulfide, iron–sulfur [Fe–S] cluster, and persulfides.
  • 936
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Cell Culture Model in Lung Cancer
2D cell culture provides valuable information on how therapeutic agents act on tumor cells, it cannot quantify how the tumor microenvironment influences the response to therapy.
  • 929
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Common Pathways of Apoptotic Cell Death
The common signaling pathways of apoptotic cell death, antiapoptotic pathways, non-apoptotic cell death mechanisms (autophagic, necrotic, and other), signaling pathways involved in the death of drug-sensitive and -resistant tumor cells (with emphasis on c-Jun/activator protein 1 and crosstalk with mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum pathways), and therapeutic implications of the modification of signaling pathways leading to cell death (with emphasis on cell death-related gene targeting, interactions of drug resistance factors in drug-resistant cells, and the unfolded protein response pathway). 
  • 928
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Plasminogen Activation System in Platelet Pathophysiology
Traditionally, platelets have been exclusively considered for their procoagulant and antifibrinolytic effects during normal activation of hemostasis. Effectively, activated platelets secrete coagulation factors, expose phosphatidylserine, and promote thrombin and fibrin production. In addition to procoagulant activities, platelets confer resistance of thrombi to fibrinolysis by inducing clot retraction of the fibrin network and release of huge amounts of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, which is the major physiologic inhibitor of the fibrinolytic cascade. However, the discovery of multiple relations with the fibrinolytic system, also termed Plasminogen Activation System (PAS), has introduced new perspectives on the platelet role in fibrinolysis. Indeed, the activated membrane surface of platelets provides binding sites on which fibrinolytic enzymes can be activated.
  • 924
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
CDI and IC
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has recently become a major healthcare-associated infection worldwide with great impact on healthcare systems as it evolves to a public health problem. The disease may develop due to multiple factors, including but not limited to different drugs usage, especially antibiotics and proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs), which interfere with intestinal flora promoting colonization and altering the immune status in particularly prone patients with inadequate nutritional status. Ischemic colitis (IC) results from diminished blood flow to the bowel wall and is the most frequently encountered type of intestinal ischemia. The ischemic injury can result in variable degree of colonic wall damage, ranging from superficial injury to full-thickness necrosis and perforation. IC mostly affects old female patients, and the clinical picture involves abdominal pain, diarrhea and hematochezia.
  • 921
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Tissue Adhesives in Reconstructive and Esthetic Surgery
Tissue adhesives have been successfully used in various kinds in the surgical field and especially in oral and maxillofacial surgery for some time. They serve as a substitute for suturing of tissues and shorten treatment time. Besides synthetic-based adhesives, a number of biological-based formulations are finding their way into research and clinical application. In natural adhesives, proteins play a crucial role, mediating adhesion and cohesion at the same time. Silk fibroin, as a natural biomaterial, represents an interesting alternative to conventional medical adhesives.
  • 921
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Formyl-Peptide Receptors
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most important regulators of cardiac function and are commonly targeted for medical therapeutics. Formyl-Peptide Receptors (FPRs) belong to the GPCR superfamily and include three members (FPR1, FPR2 and FPR3). FPRs are functionally expressed in several cells and tissues where they can significantly contribute to inflammatory disorders, cancer, infections and cardiovascular pathologies. FPRs stimulation induces phosphorylation of several signaling proteins modulating different cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, intracellular communication, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, and survival. FPRs can also modulate oxidative stress through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production whose dysregulation has been observed in different cardiovascular diseases.
  • 918
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of Shock Wave
Shock Waves (SW) are acoustic disturbances that propagate through a medium carrying the energy. These specific sonic pulses are composed of two phases—high positive pressure, a rise time < 10 ns, and a tensile wave. 
  • 918
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Renal Hypoxia
Ischemic nephropathy consists of progressive renal function loss due to renal hypoxia, inflammation, microvascular rarefaction, and fibrosis. Research reports that: 1. endovascular reperfusion is the gold-standard therapy for RAS, but its success mostly depends on treatment timeliness and a preserved downstream vascular bed; 2. anti-RAAS drugs, SGLT2 inhibitors, and/or anti-endothelin agents are especially recommended for patients with renal ischemia who are not eligible for endovascular reperfusion for slowing renal damage progression; 3. TGF-β, MCP-1, VEGF, and NGAL assays, along with BOLD MRI, should be extended in clinical practice and applied to a pre- and post-revascularization protocols; 4. MSC infusion appears effective in renal regeneration and could represent a revolutionary treatment for patients with fibrotic evolution of renal ischemia.
  • 917
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Farming
Molecular farming is the production of recombinant proteins in plants and has gained immense interest in the biotechnology sector since it offers a novel platform that is straightforward, rapid and scalable. In addition, plants have the ability to be propagated indefinitely, providing low-cost biomass production that can be used for the large-scale manufacturing of mAbs. 
  • 917
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Trials of Stem Cell Therapy in Japan
Stem cell therapy is a current world-wide topic in medical science. Various therapies have been approved based on their effectiveness and put into practical use. In Japan, research and development-related stem cell therapy, generally referred to as regenerative medicine, has been led by the government.
  • 916
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
HDPSCs-Based Neuroregeneration Therapies
Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are some of the most promising stem cell types for regenerative therapies given their high ability differentiate to neural and vascular lineage cells, their growth in animal serum-free media, their secretion of neuroprotective factors and extracellular vesicles, their high resistance to hypoxia/ischemia, their immunomodulatory properties, and their wide range of possibilities to be used in autologous grafts.
  • 915
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
The Role of Adropin in Health and Disease
Adropin is a novel 76-amino acid-peptide that is expressed in different tissues and cells including the liver, pancreas, heart and vascular tissues, kidney, milk, serum, plasma and many parts of the brain. Adropin, encoded by the Enho gene, plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis. Therapeutic peptides show great potential in the treatment of many diseases.
  • 914
  • 24 Aug 2023
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