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Topic Review
Aluminium Oxide
The promising techniques of obtaining AO adsorbents are discussed, namely the technique of thermal activation in the mode of pneumatic transport with gibbsite by heated air (TCA Gb) and the technique of thermal activation of gibbsite in centrifugal flash reactors (CTA Gb).
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Pulsed Electric Field in Vegetables
Polyphenols are a wide array of bioactive compounds that naturally occur in food sources derived from plants. They are recognized for their potential as preventive agents against chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Pulsed electric field (PEF) is a processing method that implies a higher polyphenol extraction. The PEF treatment is a non-thermal technique employed for food preservation, which involves the application of short bursts of electrical power to inactivate microorganisms while minimizing any detrimental impact on the food’s quality. This implies that the PEF treatment aspires to enhance the accessibility of consumer-grade, polyphenol-abundant food products of superior quality.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Concrete Quality Management
The development of a concrete mixture design process for high-quality concrete production with sustainable values is a complex process because of the multiple required properties at the green/hardened state of concrete and the interdependency of concrete mixture parameters. A new multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique based on Technique of Order Preference Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methodology is applied to a fuzzy setting for the selection of concrete mix factors and concrete mixture design methods with the aim towards sustainable concrete quality management. Three objective properties for sustainable quality concrete are adopted as criteria in the proposed MCDM model. The seven most dominant concrete mixture parameters with consideration to sustainable concrete quality issues, i.e., environmental (density, durability) and socioeconomic criteria (cost, optimum mixture ingredients ratios), are proposed as sub-criteria. Three mixture design techniques that have potentiality to include sustainable aspects in their design procedure, two advanced and one conventional concrete mixture design method, are taken as alternatives in the MCDM model. The proposed selection support framework may be utilized in updating concrete design methods for sustainability and in deciding the most dominant concrete mix factors that can provide sustainable quality management in concrete production as well as in concrete construction. The concrete mix factors found to be most influential to produce sustainable concrete quality include the water/cement ratio and density. The outcomes of the proposed MCDM model of fuzzy TOPSIS are consistent with the published literature and theory. TheDOE method was found to be more suitable in sustainable concrete quality management considering its applicable objective quality properties and concrete mix factors.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Ig Nobel Prize
The Ig Nobel Prize is a satirical yet legitimate annual award presented by the Annals of Improbable Research to honor scientific achievements that are unusual, imaginative, and thought-provoking. Established in 1991, the prize celebrates research that "first makes people laugh, and then makes them think," highlighting the intersection of humor and scientific inquiry. While often humorous in subject matter, winning studies are typically grounded in peer-reviewed research and aim to promote public engagement with science through curiosity, creativity, and accessibility.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 May 2025
Topic Review
Kinetics of Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon formation on steel has recently become an active research area with several important applications, using either carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or graphene structures. The production of vertically aligned CNT (VACNT) forests with combined metals has been explored with important results. Detailed kinetics is the best approach to understand a mechanism. The growth behavior seems complex but can be simplified through the knowledge of the three more common alternative reaction mechanisms/routes.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticle–Biomolecule Conjugate
A nanoparticle–biomolecule conjugate is a nanoparticle with biomolecules attached to its surface. Nanoparticles are minuscule particles, typically measured in nanometers (nm), that are used in nanobiotechnology to explore the functions of biomolecules. Properties of the ultrafine particles are characterized by the components on their surfaces more so than larger structures, such as cells, due to large surface area-to-volume ratios. Large surface area-to-volume-ratios of nanoparticles optimize the potential for interactions with biomolecules.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Robitussin
Cold medicines are a group of medications taken individually or in combination as a treatment for the symptoms of the common cold and similar conditions of the upper respiratory tract. The term encompasses a broad array of drugs, including analgesics, antihistamines and decongestants, among many others. It also includes drugs which are marketed as cough suppressants or antitussives, but their effectiveness in reducing cough symptoms is unclear or minimal. While they have been used by 10% of American children in any given week, they are not recommended in Canada or the United States in children six years or younger because of lack of evidence showing effect and concerns of harm. One version with codeine, guaifenesin, and pseudoephedrine was the 213th most commonly prescribed medication in 2017, in the United States, with more than two million prescriptions.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Blue Diamond
Blue diamond is a type of diamond which exhibits all of the same inherent properties of the mineral except with the additional element of blue color in the stone. They are colored blue by trace amounts of boron that contaminate the crystalline lattice structure. Blue diamonds belong to a subcategory of diamonds called fancy color diamonds, the generic name for diamonds that exhibit intense color. Blue diamonds range in grade from Flawless to Included, just as in the case of white diamonds.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Methylen
Methylene blue is a toxic dye that is extensively used as a colorant in textile industries. Industrial effluent containing methylene blue, when drained into water bodies without proper treatment, poses a serious threat to aquatic and human lives. In order to protect the biocycle, various methods have been established to detect and remove hazardous dyes from aqueous systems. Electrochemical methods are preferred, owing to their characteristic features of simplicity, portability, potential selectivity, cost effectiveness, and rapid responsiveness. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
International Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences
Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) are a proven methodology for transforming short-term study abroad to yield higher impact and quality student outcomes, especially as they relate to teaching environmental sustainability.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Circular Fashion
The textile and fashion industry has had significant technological developments but is currently criticised for its environmental and social impacts and for being a major contributor to waste. The rise of the circular economy (CE) has promoted more sustainable concepts, including the trending of recycling strategies to add value to the textile and plastic waste. However, adding value to products and for users implies technical upscaling and clear communication about the benefits of recycling.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Recyclability of Abandoned Fishing Net-Based Plastic Debris
 Plastics in marine environments undergo molecular degradation via biocatalytic and photocatalytic mechanisms. Abandoned, lost, or discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) damages marine and coastal environments as well as plant and animal species. There is a need for a new and rapid “multidimensional molecular characterization” technology to quantify, at a batch level, the extent of photocatalytic or biocatalytic degradation experienced on each recovered fishing net, comprising molecular weight alteration, chemical functional group polydispersity and contaminant presence. Rapid multidimensional molecular characterization enables optimized conventional material mixing of recovered fishing nets. In this way, economically attractive social return schemes can be introduced for used fishing nets, providing an economic incentive for fishers to return conventional fishing nets for recycling.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Biomass Wastes
Biomass wastes are abundant around us. They are renewable and inexpensive. Product manufacturing from renewable resources has caught increasing interest recently. Activated carbon preparation from biomass resources, including various trees, leaves, plant roots, fruit peels, and grasses, is a good example. In this paper, an overview of activated carbon production from biomass resources will be given. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Latex Allergy
Latex allergy is a medical term encompassing a range of allergic reactions to the proteins present in natural rubber latex. It generally develops after repeated exposure to products containing natural rubber latex. When latex-containing medical devices or supplies come in contact with mucous membranes, the membranes may absorb latex proteins. In some susceptible people, the immune system produces antibodies that react immunologically with these antigenic proteins. Many items contain or are made from natural rubber, including shoe soles, pen grips, hot water bottles, elastic bands, rubber gloves, condoms, baby-bottle nipples, and balloons; consequently, there are many possible routes of exposure that may trigger a reaction. People with latex allergies may also have or develop allergic reactions to some fruits, such as bananas.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Glucosinolates (GSs)
Glucosinolates, anionic plant secondary metabolites shared in order Brassicales together with Glucosinolates Hydrolysis Products have recently gained much focus due to their biological activities and mechanisms of action. We reviewed from various scientific databases, the health benefits of GSs/GSHPs, approaches to improve plant contents, their bioavailability, and bioactivity. Findings indicate these compounds (natural, pure, synthetic, and derivatives) play an important role in human/animals (disease therapy and prevention), plant health (defense chemicals, biofumigants/biocides), and food industries (preservatives). Overall, much interest focuses on in vitro studies as anti-cancers and antimicrobials. In plant, GSs/GSHPs improvement utilizes mostly biotic/abiotic stresses and short periods of phytohormones application. Their availability and bioactivity are directly proportional to their contents at the source which is affected by methods of food preparation, processing, and extraction. We, conclude that, to a greater extent, there is a need to explore and improve GSs rich sources, and these should be emphasized to obtain natural bioactive compounds/ active ingredients that can be included among synthetic and commercial products for use in maintaining and promoting health. Furthermore, the development of advanced researches on compounds pharmacokinetics, their molecular mode of action, genetics-based on biosynthesis, their uses in promoting the health of living organisms is highlighted.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Smiles Arbitrary Target Specification
SMiles ARbitrary Target Specification (SMARTS) is a language for specifying substructural patterns in molecules. The SMARTS line notation is expressive and allows extremely precise and transparent substructural specification and atom typing. SMARTS is related to the SMILES line notation that is used to encode molecular structures and like SMILES was originally developed by David Weininger and colleagues at Daylight Chemical Information Systems. The most comprehensive descriptions of the SMARTS language can be found in Daylight's SMARTS theory manual, tutorial and examples. OpenEye Scientific Software has developed their own version of SMARTS which differs from the original Daylight version in how the R descriptor (see cyclicity below) is defined. The standard may require updates to accommodate for new the elements named in 2016.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Westinghouse Lamp Plant
Coordinates: 40°46′53″N 74°11′45″W / 40.78137°N 74.19592°W / 40.78137; -74.19592 The Westinghouse Lamp Plant located in Bloomfield, New Jersey, was one of the lamp manufacturing plants of Westinghouse Electric Corporation. The plant had a major involvement in supplying uranium metal for the world's first self-sustaining chain reaction in Chicago (Chicago Pile-1) in the early phase of the Manhattan Project to create the first atomic bomb.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mesoporous Silica-Based Hybrid Materials
Hybrid organic-inorganic catalysts have been extensively investigated by several research groups in the last decades, as they allow combining the structural robust-ness of inorganic solids with the versatility of organic chemistry. Within the field of hybrid catalysts, synthetic strategies based on silica are among the most exploitable, due to the convenience of sol-gel chemistry, to the array of silylderivative precursors that can be synthesized and to the number of post-synthetic functionalization strategies available, amongst others. Exemplificative studies involving mono- and multi-functional silica-based hybrid catalysts featuring different types of active sites (acid, base, redox) have been studied. Materials obtained through different approaches are described and their properties, as well as their catalytic performances, are compared in the literature.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Proinsulin
Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, specialized regions of the pancreas. In humans, proinsulin is encoded by the INS gene. The islets of Langerhans only secrete between 1% and 3% of proinsulin intact. However, because proinsulin has a longer half life than insulin, it can account for anywhere from 5–30% of the insulin-like structures circulating in the blood. There are higher concentrations of proinsulin after meals and lower levels when a person is fasting. Additionally, while proinsulin and insulin have structural differences, proinsulin does demonstrate some affinity for the insulin receptor. Due to the relative similarities in structure, proinsulin can produce between 5% and 10% of the metabolic activity similarly induced by insulin. Proinsulin is the final single chain protein structure secreted by cells before cleavage into mature insulin. Proinsulin was discovered by Professor Donald F. Steiner of the University of Chicago in 1967.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Manufacturing Techniques of Auxetic Structures
This text will address the additive manufacturing of auxetic materials. As it is known, auxetic structures are materials with unique mechanical behavior associated with negative Poisson ratio. Although AXS configurations combined with various types of materials have a wide range of applications, the characteristic re-entrant geometric model of AXSs imposes significant limitations and difficulties in assembling the lattice structure using conventional manufacturing methods. However, additive manufacturing has shown to be a promising option for producing auxetic materials, overcoming the challenges presented by conventional manufacturing. Therefore, the development of auxetic materials through additive manufacturing is an ever-evolving field that presents great potential for a variety of industrial sectors.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Mar 2023
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