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HandWiki. Proinsulin. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36204 (accessed on 04 October 2026).
HandWiki. Proinsulin. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36204. Accessed October 04, 2026.
HandWiki. "Proinsulin" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36204 (accessed October 04, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 24). Proinsulin. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36204
HandWiki. "Proinsulin." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 November, 2022.
Proinsulin
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:Proinsulin

Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, specialized regions of the pancreas. In humans, proinsulin is encoded by the INS gene. The islets of Langerhans only secrete between 1% and 3% of proinsulin intact. However, because proinsulin has a longer half life than insulin, it can account for anywhere from 5–30% of the insulin-like structures circulating in the blood. There are higher concentrations of proinsulin after meals and lower levels when a person is fasting. Additionally, while proinsulin and insulin have structural differences, proinsulin does demonstrate some affinity for the insulin receptor. Due to the relative similarities in structure, proinsulin can produce between 5% and 10% of the metabolic activity similarly induced by insulin. Proinsulin is the final single chain protein structure secreted by cells before cleavage into mature insulin. Proinsulin was discovered by Professor Donald F. Steiner of the University of Chicago in 1967.

beta cells proinsulin insulin

References

  1. Universal protein resource accession number P01308 for " INS_HUMAN" at UniProt. https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01308
  2. "The structure of bovine proinsulin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 246 (9): 2780–95. May 1971. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62252-5. PMID 4928892. http://www.jbc.org/content/246/9/2780. 
  3. "Proinsulin: a proposed three-dimensional structure". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 250 (16): 6291–5. August 1975. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41065-X. PMID 808541. http://www.jbc.org/content/250/16/6291. 
  4. "Proinsulin and the genetics of diabetes mellitus". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 284 (29): 19159–63. July 2009. doi:10.1074/jbc.R109.009936. PMID 19395706.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2740536
  5. "Solution structure of proinsulin: connecting domain flexibility and prohormone processing". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 285 (11): 7847–51. March 2010. doi:10.1074/jbc.c109.084921. PMID 20106974.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2832934
  6. "Sequence of the human insulin gene". Nature 284 (5751): 26–32. March 1980. doi:10.1038/284026a0. PMID 6243748. Bibcode: 1980Natur.284...26B. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9ca0ccc25fbeb8a0146290dcb687b8b91b3fcb8a. 
  7. "Genetically engineered proinsulin constitutively processed and secreted as mature, active insulin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 (8): 6241–5. February 1994. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37593-2. PMID 8119968. http://www.jbc.org/content/269/8/6241.full.pdf. 
  8. "Sequence requirements for proinsulin processing at the B-chain/C-peptide junction". The Biochemical Journal 310 (3): 869–74. September 1995. doi:10.1042/bj3100869. PMID 7575420.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1135976
  9. "Immunogenicity of highly purified bovine insulin: a comparison with conventional bovine and highly purified human insulins". Diabetologia 28 (9): 667–70. September 1985. doi:10.1007/BF00291973. PMID 3905477.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00291973
  10. "Insulin Pharmacology, Type of Regimens and Adjustments". Endotext.com. http://www.endotext.org/diabetes/diabetes17/diabetes17.htm. 
  11. "The new insulins. Their characteristics and clinical indications". Drugs 24 (5): 401–13. November 1982. doi:10.2165/00003495-198224050-00003. PMID 6756879. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/05663202b5ffa42441c735516788e4fa9eeece68. 
  12. "Influence of insulin antibodies on pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of recombinant human and highly purified beef insulins in insulin dependent diabetics". British Medical Journal 290 (6483): 1687–91. June 1985. doi:10.1136/bmj.290.6483.1687. PMID 3924216.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1416075
  13. "Increased β-Cell Workload Modulates Proinsulin-to-Insulin Ratio in Humans". Diabetes 67 (11): 2389–2396. November 2018. doi:10.2337/db18-0279. PMID 30131390.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdb18-0279
  14. "The relation of proinsulin, insulin, and proinsulin-to-insulin ratio to insulin sensitivity and acute insulin response in normoglycemic subjects". Diabetes 46 (12): 1990–5. December 1997. doi:10.2337/diab.46.12.1990. PMID 9392485.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2337%2Fdiab.46.12.1990
  15. "Proinsulin in development: New roles for an ancient prohormone". Diabetologia 49 (6): 1142–50. June 2006. doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0232-5. PMID 16596360.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-006-0232-5
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