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Topic Review
Timeline of Lung Cancer
This is a timeline of lung cancer, describing especially major discoveries, advances in treatment and major organizations.
  • 4.3K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Decarbonization in Shipping Industry
Decarbonization in Shipping Industry might be achieved through alternative fuels (nuclear, hydrogen, ammonia, methanol), renewable energy sources (biofuels, wind, solar), the maturity of technologies (fuel cells, internal combustion engines) as well as technical and operational strategies to reduce fuel consumption for new and existing ships (slow steaming, cleaning and coating, waste heat recovery, hull and propeller design).
  • 4.3K
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Beam Steering Characteristics of Reconfigurable Transmitarray Antennas
The high gain beam steering antennas are widely used in 5G wireless mobile communications, radio frequency (RF) wireless power transmission, and satellite communications. In order to obtain high gain and beam steering characteristics, traditionally, antennas of the same type as phased array antennas, reflectarray antennas, and parabolic antennas have been designed. The transmitarray (TA) has attracted more and more interest from researchers due to its low profile, affordable cost, lower losses, low design complexity, and ease of fabrication. These have become popular solutions due to their remarkable applications, for instance, in biomedical systems (Brain and Breast Cancer Detection), civil and military radar systems, imaging systems, satellite communications, direct broadcasting services, and 6G/5G communication systems, etc.
  • 4.3K
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
International Roughness Index
The International Roughness Index (IRI) is the roughness index most commonly obtained from measured longitudinal road profiles. It is calculated using a quarter-car vehicle math model, whose response is accumulated to yield a roughness index with units of slope (in/mi, m/km, etc.). This performance measure has less stochasticity and subjectivity in comparison to other pavement performance indicators, but it is not completely devoid of randomness. The sources of variability in IRI data include the difference among the readings of different runs of the test vehicle and the difference between the readings of the right and left wheel paths. Despite these facts, since its introduction in 1986, the IRI has become the road roughness index most commonly used worldwide for evaluating and managing road systems. The measurement of IRI is required for data provided to the United States Federal Highway Administration, and is covered in several standards from ASTM International: ASTM E1926 - 08, ASTM E1364 - 95(2005), and others. IRI is also used to evaluate new pavement construction, to determine penalties or bonus payments based on smoothness.
  • 4.3K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Universe & Anharmonic Oscillator & Singularity Avoidance Higgs
The functioning of our universe and atomic is based on the oscillation of the particle itself and asymmetrically between matter and antimatter. This mechanism is a classical an-harmonic oscillator and uses a linear oscillation of the particle, where the energy can be represented by the graph of a potential well. In this potential well the alternation of energies ocurs between the kinetic energy and potential energy. This an-harmonic oscillation of the particle thus occurs through a gravitational oscillator (see "hole through the Earth simple harmonic motion"), followed by a singularity avoidance. Indeed the important kinetics of the particle leads to a singularity avoidance to pass over the supermassive black hole to plot the Higgs field/potential. The alternation of the particle at very high frequency generates by the principle of mass-energy equivalence in vacuum (E=mc²) a mass flux expressed by the quantum fluctuation determined by a scalar energy density. This scalar density represents for example the dark matter and the residues of the latter in the quantum vacuum. However a vectorial interpretation of the particle is possible as soon as its oscillation through the oscillator is really minimized before becoming a mass-energy equivalence flux. That represent the elements related to Einstein's Stress Energy Tensor. Here is the one of interpretation of quantum mechanics in relation to relativistic physics. 
  • 4.3K
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Importance of Mud Crab in Saline Water Ecosystems
Mud crabs genus Scylla (S. serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. olivacea, and S. paramamosain) is an important member of mangrove/estuarine saline water ecosystems than other crustaceans due to its major activities (biological burrowing and bioturbation creation) in protecting and spreading mangrove forests. Mud crabs are generally found in estuaries, especially in mangrove forests of India, Taiwan, Japan, China, South Africa, Indonesia, and the Philippines of Indo-Pacific places. Similarly, Malaysia, Singapore, Western Samoa, Salmon Island, Fiji, and New Caledonia are big mud crabs habitats.
  • 4.3K
  • 08 Jun 2023
Biography
Qutb Al-Din Al-Shirazi
Qotb al-Din Mahmoud b. Zia al-Din Mas'ud b. Mosleh Shirazi (1236–1311) (Persian: قطب‌الدین محمود بن ضیاالدین مسعود بن مصلح شیرازی‎) was a 13th-century Persian[1] polymath and poet who made contributions to astronomy, mathematics, medicine, physics, music theory, philosophy and Sufism.[2][3] He was born in Kazerun in October 1236 to a family with a
  • 4.3K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Benzimidazole and Their Derivatives
Heterocyclic compounds are significant lead drug candidates based on their various structure–activity relationships (SAR), and their use in pharmaceutics is constantly developing. Benzimidazole (BnZ) is synthesized by a condensation reaction between benzene and imidazole. The BnZ structure consists of two nitrogen atoms embedded in a five-membered imide ring which is fused with a benzene ring. 
  • 4.3K
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Post-COVID-19 Symptoms and Dental Management
The available data regarding the short and long-term consequences of COVID-19 is still insufficient. This entry aims to provide information on the prolonged COVID-19 symptoms in recovered patients and their implications during dental management. 
  • 4.3K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
White Hole
White holes are regions of space-time that although matter may come out, no matter is able to enter; or in other words, they have gravitational features opposite to those of black holes. White holes exist in the solutions to Einstein's general theory of relativity and the maximal extension of the Schwarzschild metric. The term "white hole" was coined by Soviet cosmologist Igor Novikov in 1965 after his theorization on the existence.
  • 4.3K
  • 15 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Generalizing the Local Average Treatment Effect
The local average treatment effect (LATE), also known as the complier average causal effect (CACE), refers to the treatment effect among compliers. The LATE may not be of the same value as the average treatment effect (ATE), so extrapolating the LATE directly should be done cautiously. In addition, the LATE retrieved from an experiment may not immediately be externally valid, especially when there is a case for treatment effect heterogeneity (i.e. the treatment effect varies across individuals).  However, generalizing the LATE through reweighting can be attempted, given certain key assumptions.
  • 4.3K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Low Molecular Weight Chitosan
Chitosan is a biopolymer with high added value, and its properties are related to its molecular weight. Thus, high molecular weight values provide low solubility of chitosan, presenting limitations in its use. Based on this, several studies have developed different hydrolysis methods to reduce the molecular weight of chitosan.
  • 4.3K
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Sacred
Sacred describes something that is dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity; is considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspires awe or reverence among believers. The property is often ascribed to objects (a "sacred artifact" that is venerated and blessed), or places ("sacred ground"). French sociologist Émile Durkheim considered the dichotomy between the sacred and the profane to be the central characteristic of religion: "religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden.":47 In Durkheim's theory, the sacred represents the interests of the group, especially unity, which are embodied in sacred group symbols, or totems. The profane, on the other hand, involve mundane individual concerns.
  • 4.3K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Four Effects of High-Entropy Alloys
As a new type of alloy with high hardness, high heat resistance, strong corrosion resistance, high wear resistance and fatigue resistance, high-entropy alloys are different from any existing traditional alloy. As a new alloy system, high-entropy alloys have important research value and broad application prospects. Therefore, the design, preparation and application of high-entropy alloys have become an important direction for the development of new materials.
  • 4.3K
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Greenwashing in Corporate Social Responsibility
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a pivotal area of focus, with an increasing number of companies prioritizing its integration into their operational strategies.
  • 4.3K
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Criminal Psychology
Criminal psychology, also referred to as criminological psychology, is the study of the views, thoughts, intentions, actions and reactions of criminals and all who participate in criminal behavior. Criminal psychology is related to the field of criminal anthropology. The study goes deeply into what makes someone commit a crime, but also the reactions after the crime. Criminal psychologists have many roles within the court systems, these include being called up as witnesses in court cases to help the jury understand the mind of the criminal. Some types of psychiatry also deal with aspects of criminal behavior. Criminal behavior can be stated as “Any kind of antisocial behavior, which is punishable usually by law but can be punished by norms, stated by community,”. Therefore, it is difficult to define criminal behavior as there is a fine line between what could be considered okay and what's considered not to be, being considered as violation at one point of time may now be accepted by community. This article will look at the different roles of a criminal psychologist, key aspects of criminals, and major studies that contributed to criminal psychology.
  • 4.3K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Cities by Sunshine Duration
The following is a list of cities by sunshine duration. Sunshine duration is a climatological indicator, measuring duration of sunshine in given period (usually, a day or a year) for a given location on Earth, typically expressed as an averaged value over several years. It is a general indicator of cloudiness of a location, and thus differs from insolation, which measures the total energy delivered by sunlight over a given period. Sunshine duration is usually expressed in hours per year, or in (average) hours per day. The first measure indicates the general sunniness of a location compared with other places, while the latter allows for comparison of sunshine in various seasons in the same location. Another often-used measure is percentage ratio of recorded bright sunshine duration and daylight duration in the observed period. An important use of sunshine duration data is to characterize the climate of sites, especially of health resorts. This also takes into account the psychological effect of strong solar light on human well-being. It is often used to promote tourist destinations.
  • 4.3K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Biography
Thomas Gold
Thomas Gold (also known as Tommy Gold),[1] (May 22, 1920 – June 22, 2004[2]) was an Austrian-born astrophysicist, a professor of astronomy at Cornell University, a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and a Fellow of the Royal Society (London).[2] Gold was one of three young Cambridge scientists who in 1948 proposed the now mostly abandoned "steady state" hypothesis of the universe
  • 4.3K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic illness with an increasing global prevalence. More than 537 million cases of diabetes were reported worldwide in 2021, and the number is steadily increasing. The worldwide number of people suffering from DM is projected to reach 783 million in 2045. In 2021 alone, more than USD 966 billion was spent on the management of DM. Reduced physical activity due to urbanization is believed to be the major cause of the increase in the incidence of the disease, as it is associated with higher rates of obesity. Diabetes poses a risk for chronic complications such as nephropathy, angiopathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. Hence, the successful management of blood glucose is the cornerstone of DM therapy. The effective management of the hyperglycemia associated with type 2 diabetes includes physical exercise, diet and therapeutic interventions (insulin, biguanides, second generation sulfonylureas, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, amylin mimetics, meglitinides, α-glucosidase inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and bile acid sequestrants).
  • 4.3K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Noble Gases Magnetic Properties Explorations
In recent years, we have seen spectacular growth in the experimental and theoretical investigations of magnetic properties of small subatomic particles: electrons, positrons, muons, and neutrinos. However, conventional methods for establishing these properties for atomic nuclei are also in progress, due to new, more sophisticated theoretical achievements and experimental results performed using modern spectroscopic devices. In this review, a brief outline of the history of experiments with nuclear magnetic moments in magnetic fields of noble gases is provided. In particular, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and atomic beam magnetic resonance (ABMR) measurements are included in this text. Various aspects of NMR methodology performed in the gas phase are discussed in detail. The basic achievements of this research are reviewed, and the main features of the methods for the noble gas isotopes: 3He, 21Ne, 83Kr, 129Xe, and 131Xe are clarified. A comprehensive description of short lived isotopes of argon (Ar) and radon (Rn) measurements is included. Remarks on the theoretical calculations and future experimental intentions of nuclear magnetic moments of noble gases are also provided.
  • 4.3K
  • 10 Dec 2020
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