Antenna

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Antennae (Template:Singular antenna), sometimes referred to as "feelers", are paired appendages used for sensing in arthropods. Antennae are connected to the first one or two segments of the arthropod head. They vary widely in form but are always made of one or more jointed segments. While they are typically sensory organs, the exact nature of what they sense and how they sense it is not the same in all groups. Functions may variously include sensing touch, air motion, heat, vibration (sound), and especially smell or taste. Antennae are sometimes modified for other purposes, such as mating, brooding, swimming, and even anchoring the arthropod to a substrate. Larval arthropods have antennae that differ from those of the adult. Many crustaceans, for example, have free-swimming larvae that use their antennae for swimming. Antennae can also locate other group members if the insect lives in a group, like the ant. The common ancestor of all arthropods likely had one pair of uniramous (unbranched) antenna-like structures, followed by one or more pairs of biramous (having two major branches) leg-like structures, as seen in some modern crustaceans and fossil trilobites. Except for the chelicerates and proturans, which have none, all non-crustacean arthropods have a single pair of antennae.

trilobites templatesingular chelicerates

References

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Merlin, Christine; Gegear, Robert J.; Reppert, Steven M. (September 2009). "Antennal circadian clocks coordinate sun compass orientation in migratory monarch butterflies". Science 325 (5948): 1700–1704. doi:10.1126/science.1176221. PMID 19779201. Bibcode: 2009Sci...325.1700M. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2754321
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Sane, Sanjay P.; Dieudonné, Alexandre; Willis, Mark A.; Daniel, Thomas L. (2007-02-09). "Antennal mechanosensors mediate flight control in moths" (in en). Science 315 (5813): 863–866. doi:10.1126/science.1133598. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17290001. Bibcode: 2007Sci...315..863S. https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1133598

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