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Topic Review
Dietary Interventions for Complementing Celiac Disease and Beyond
Celiac Disease (CeD) is a chronic small intestinal immune-mediated enteropathy caused by ingesting dietary gluten proteins in genetically susceptible individuals. CeD is one of the most common autoimmune diseases, affecting around 1.4% of the population globally. The only acceptable treatment for CeD is strict, lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, in some cases, GFD does not alter gluten-induced symptoms. In addition, strict adherence to a GFD reduces patients’ quality of life and is often a socio-economic burden. Therefore, dietary and non-dietary interventions are investigated. This entry concentrates on the recent research on the degradation of gluten through enzymes, the modulation of the microbiome, and the different types of “biotics” strategies, from probiotics to the less explored “viromebiotics” as possible beneficial complementary interventions for CeD management and other less understood gluten-related disorders beyond the GFD.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin C in COVID-19
There are limited proven therapies for COVID-19. Vitamin C’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects make it a potential therapeutic candidate, both for the prevention and amelioration of COVID-19 infection, and as an adjunctive therapy in the critical care of COVID-19. This literature review focuses on vitamin C deficiency in respiratory infections, including COVID-19, and the mechanisms of action in infectious disease, including support of the stress response, its role in preventing and treating colds and pneumonia, and its role in treating sepsis and COVID-19. The evidence to date indicates that oral vitamin C (2–8 g/day) may reduce the incidence and duration of respiratory infections and intravenous vitamin C (6–24 g/day) has been shown to reduce mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays, and time on mechanical ventilation for severe respiratory infections. Further trials are urgently warranted. Given the favourable safety profile and low cost of vitamin C, and the frequency of vitamin C deficiency in respiratory infections, it may be worthwhile testing patients’ vitamin C status and treating them accordingly with intravenous administration within ICUs and oral administration in hospitalised persons with COVID-19.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Butyrate
Butyrate emerged because it might have a potential in alleviating obesity and related comorbidities. 
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet for Preoperative Weight Reduction
Bariatric surgery (BS) is the most effective treatment in patients with severe obesity in terms of durable weight loss and reduction of comorbidity burden and mortality. Pre-operative weight loss can limit anesthesiological and surgical risks. Ketogenic diet (KD) is an “umbrella term” under which different low-carbohydrate dietary protocols are included. The effect of KD for preoperative weight reduction in BS is described. 
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Protein Intake and Single-Nephron GFR
High protein intake can increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in response to excretory overload, which may exacerbate the progression of kidney disease. However, the direct association between glomerular hemodynamic response at the single-nephron level and dietary protein intake has not been fully elucidated in humans. In the present study, we evaluated nutritional indices associated with single-nephron GFR (SNGFR) calculated based on corrected creatinine clearance (SNGFRCr). We retrospectively identified 43 living kidney donors who underwent enhanced computed tomography and kidney biopsy at the time of donation at Jikei University Hospital in Tokyo from 2007 to 2018. Total nephron number was estimated with imaging-derived cortical volume and morphometry-derived glomerular density. SNGFRCr was calculated by dividing the corrected creatinine clearance by the number of non-sclerosed glomeruli (NglomNSG). The mean (± standard deviation) NglomNSG/kidney and SNGFRCr were 685 000 ± 242 000 and 61.0 ± 23.9 nL/min, respectively. SNGFRCr was directly associated with estimated protein intake/ideal body weight (P = 0.005) but not with body mass index, mean arterial pressure, albumin, or sodium intake. These findings indicate that greater protein intake may increase SNGFR and lead to glomerular hyperfiltration.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Anti-Obesity Effect of Carotenoids
Adipose tissue is a key organ in obesity etiology and the main storage site for carotenoids. We thus first describe carotenoid metabolism in adipocyte and adipose tissue and the effects of carotenoids on biological processes in adipose tissue that may be linked to obesity management in in vitro and preclinical studies.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Food Selectivity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Food selectivity (FS) in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is common, and its impact on a nutritional level is known.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Preventing Obesity among Adolescents
Some authors do understand that the concept of obesity must be a combination of at least BMI over the second standard deviation for age and gender, with some body composition evaluation, as waist/height relation, neck circumference or physical methods to analyse fat deposition (absorciometry or pletismography, and in more debatable concerns impedanciometer (tetrapolar ), skin folder measurements or summ of perimeters.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nutrition-Based Interventions and Menstrual Cycle
Despite the steady increase in female participation in sport over the last two decades, comprehensive research on interventions attenuating the influence of female menstrual physiology on performance remains scarce. Studies involving eumenorrheic women often only test in one menstrual phase to limit sex hormone variance, which may restrict the application of these findings to the rest of the menstrual cycle. The impacts of nutrition-based interventions on athletic performance throughout the menstrual cycle have not been fully elucidated. We addressed this gap by conducting a focused critical review of clinical studies that reported athletic outcomes as well as menstrual status for healthy eumenorrheic female participants. In total, 1443 articles were identified, and 23 articles were included.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Nutrients and Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease that is worsened post-menopause due to oestrogen loss.  The objective of this review was to investigate nutrient and dietary patterns that have been reported to be beneficial for bone health in postmenopausal women. We found calcium, vitamin D, B-vitamins, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin C, and vitamin K are important nutrient requirements for bone health while foods such as low-fat dairy (including milk, yoghurt, and cheese), fish (with bones), fortified and fruits and vegetables are important for bone health maintenance.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nutriepigenomics in Environmental-Associated Oxidative Stress
Complex molecular mechanisms define our responses to environmental stimuli. Beyond the DNA sequence itself, epigenetic machinery orchestrates changes in gene expression induced by diet, physical activity, stress and pollution, among others. Importantly, nutrition has a strong impact on epigenetic players and, consequently, sustains a promising role in the regulation of cellular responses such as oxidative stress. As oxidative stress is a natural physiological process where the presence of reactive oxygen-derived species and nitrogen-derived species overcomes the uptake strategy of antioxidant defenses, it plays an essential role in epigenetic changes induced by environmental pollutants and culminates in signaling the disruption of redox control. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Polyphenols and NAFLD
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a clinical condition primarily characterized by fat accumulation in liver parenchyma (>5% of hepatocytes). Its clinical burden is encompassed in its pathologic spectrum, which ranges from simple fatty liver (Simple Fatty Liver – SFL) to steato-hepatitis (Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis – NASH), ending with hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma, through a progressive fibrosis of the organ. These advanced stages are associated with higher mortality, but all stages of NAFLD can significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases since these are the most prevalent clinical features in NAFLD. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Glycemic Index
Glycemic Index is an indicator originally used to help obese and diabetic people to manage their weight in glucose level by helping them choose adapted food. However, dietary interventions using low glycemic index food have shown encouraging improvements in people with brain diseases.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Dietary Fibers in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic, progressive, immune-mediated diseases of the intestinal tract. The main subtypes of IBDs are Chron’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The etiology is still unclear, but there are genetic, environmental and host-related factors that contribute to the development of these diseases. Literature has shown that dietary therapy is the cornerstone of IBD treatment in terms of management of symptoms, relapse and care of the pathology. IBD patients show that microbiota dysbiosis and diet, especially dietary fiber, can modulate its composition. These patients are more at risk of energy protein malnutrition than the general population and are deficient in micronutrients. So far, no dietary component is considered responsible for IBD and there is not a specific therapeutic diet for it. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Legume Consumption
Legumes are nutrient-dense crops with health-promoting benefits. However, several barriers are associated with their consumption. Emerging issues including food neophobic tendencies or taboos, unclear dietary guidelines on legume consumption, health concerns, and socio-economic reasons, as well as long cooking procedures, adversely affect legume consumption frequency. Pre-treatment methods, including soaking, sprouting, and pulse electric field technology, are effective in reducing the alpha-oligosaccharides and other anti-nutritional factors, eventually lowering cooking time for legumes.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
DHA Supplementation during Pregnancy
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation during pregnancy has been recommended by several health organizations due to its role in neural, visual, and cognitive development. There are several fat sources available on the market for the manufacture of these dietary supplements with DHA. These fat sources differ in the lipid structure in which DHA is esterified, mainly phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG) molecules. The supplementation of DHA in the form of PL or TG during pregnancy can lead to controversial results depending on the animal model, physiological status and the fat sources utilized. The intestinal digestion, placental uptake, and fetal accretion of DHA may vary depending on the lipid source of DHA ingested by the mother. The form of DHA used in maternal supplementation that would provide an optimal DHA accretion for fetal brain development, based on the available data obtained most of them from different animal models, indicates no consistent differences in fetal accretion when DHA is provided as TG or PL. Other related lipid species are under evaluation, e.g., lyso-phospholipids, with promising results to improve DHA bioavailability although more studies are needed. In this review, the evidence on DHA bioavailability and accumulation in both maternal and fetal tissues after the administration of DHA supplementation during pregnancy in the form of PL or TG in different models is summarized.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Functional Food Ingredients for Viral Diseases
A complex network of processes within the human immune system provides resistance to a variety of disease states. This defense forms innate and adaptive immunity, with specific immune components working together to combat infection. In addition to genetic variables, susceptibility to disease can be influenced by factors such as lifestyle, age and environmental factors. Certain food chemicals have been shown to modulate signaling and cell morphology. This has implications for pathophysiology. Eating some functional foods can increase the activity of immune cells and protect us from various diseases, including those caused by viruses as discussed below. 
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Human and Donkey Milk
Whole milk is a good source of all the nutrients, and it also contains a sufficient number of vitamins to permit the regular growth of the neonate. Dairy cow milk can create allergy in infants less than 12 months old because of the high caseins and β-lactoglobulin content. In these circumstances, donkey milk can represent a good replacement for dairy cows’ milk in children affected by Cow Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) because of its close chemical composition with human milk, mainly due to its low protein and low mineral content. 
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin K2 in “Bone-Vascular Crosstalk”
Osteoporosis (OP) and vascular calcification (VC) represent relevant health problems that frequently coexist in the elderly population. Traditionally, they have been considered independent processes, and mainly age-related. However, an increasing number of studies have reported their possible direct correlation, commonly defined as “bone-vascular crosstalk”. Vitamin K2 (VitK2), a family of several natural isoforms also known as menaquinones (MK), has recently received particular attention for its role in maintaining calcium homeostasis.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Vitamin D on Satellite Cells
Vitamin D is a micronutrient that plays a role in the homeostasis of various body organs, including skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle growth and regeneration are critically affected by satellite cells, skeletal muscle stem cells. The discovery of vitamin D receptors on satellite cells supports the role of vitamin D in regulating satellite cell function. In vivo studies have shown the effect of vitamin D on skeletal muscle growth in early life, muscle homeostasis in aging, and skeletal muscle regeneration in conditions of muscle injury or chronic disease.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2022
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