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Topic Review
Sensor Technologies for Transmission and Distribution Systems
Today sensors have become one of the most essential components of an outage management system in the electrical power grid. The real time monitoring capability of sensors helps in total prevention or reduce the impact of disruptions in the trans-mission and distribution networks. Sensors make condition-based maintenance of the power grid possible which can be cost effective and more efficient than the normal scheduled maintenance in certain cases. Sensors also form a very crucial input facing part for most control and monitoring systems as they are solely responsible for the raw fault data acquisition. Various grid parameters collected from the sensors are important for classification and forecasting purposes to provide better predictive, adaptive, and corrective analysis of the nature of functioning and breakdown of instruments in the transmission and distribution lines. Utilization of assets of the power grid is highly increased with the probabilistic risk assessment or contingency analyses using sensors.
  • 2.2K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Maximum Power Point Tracking
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), or sometimes just Power Point Tracking (PPT), is a technique used with variable power supplies to maximize energy extraction as conditions change.
  • 2.2K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Fast Data Acquisition Systems
Data acquisition is the process by which physical phenomena from the real world are transformed into electrical signals that are measured and converted into a digital format for processing, analysis, and storage by a computer. In a large majority of applications, the data acquisition (DAQ) system is designed not only to acquire data but to act on it as well. In defining DAQ systems, it is, therefore, useful to extend this definition to include the control aspects of the total system. A DAQ system is comprised of a computer running specialized software and several data acquisition cards and/or instruments (from now on jointly referred to as DAQ devices). Data acquisition (DAQ) systems are intensively used in laboratory research, industrial facilities, aviation, automotive, etc. The applications include test and measurement, automation, etc.
  • 2.2K
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Peak Load Shaving in Microgrid
Peak load is a particularly sensitive issue for microgrids as it happens occasionally for a small percentage of the time in a day. Peak load increases the risk of microgrid failure and also leads to power quality issues. To maintain grid stability and improve power quality, the microgrids must solve the peak loading problem.
  • 2.2K
  • 30 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Devices
Electrochemical devices enable the measurement of a wide variety of ions, such as hydrogen ions, electrolytes, heavy metals, and nutrients.
  • 2.2K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Lead–Acid Battery Faults
Lead–acid battery technology has been effectively fulfilling a variety of energy needs, ranging from classic car industry requirements to current plug-in hybrid electric vehicle requirements through any stationary system. Depending on the operating conditions, the battery can be affected in many ways. The same deterioration mechanisms affect all types of lead–acid batteries but to varying degrees. Two electrodes with the aqueous H2SO4 electrolyte (sulfuric acid) and the terminals are the main components of a lead–acid battery. A grid and the active material—PbO2 as the positive active material and Pb as the negative active material—make up the electrodes.
  • 2.2K
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
EV Charging on Local PCC and Distribution Network
The revolution due to technological advancement has paved the way for clean and efficient transportation systems, which, in turn, has posed new social and technical challenges to the current electric grid. Most implementations of electro-mobility envision large amount of charging of electric vehicles (EVs) from the low- or medium-voltage distribution network. The impacts of charging on those grids could put a limit on the electrification of transport, at least in the long term.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Maximum Power Point Techniques for Solar Photovoltaic Systems
The characteristics of a PV (photovoltaic) module is non-linear and vary with nature. The tracking of maximum power point (MPP) at various atmospheric conditions is essential for the reliable operation of solar-integrated power generation units. Researchers compare the most widely used maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques such as the perturb and observe method (P&O), incremental conductance method (INC), fuzzy logic controller method (FLC), neural network (NN) model, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system method (ANFIS) with the modern approach of the hybrid method (neural network + P&O) for PV systems. The hybrid method combines the strength of the neural network and P&O in a single framework. The PV system is composed of a PV panel, converter, MPPT unit, and load modelled using MATLAB/Simulink. These methods differ in their characteristics such as convergence speed, ease of implementation, sensors used, cost, and range of efficiencies. Based on all these, performances are evaluated. In this analysis, the drawbacks of the methods are studied, and wastage of the panel’s available output energy is observed. The hybrid technique concedes a spontaneous recovery during dynamic changes in environmental conditions. The simulation results illustrate the improvements obtained by the hybrid method in comparison to other techniques.
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Reconfigurable Microstrip Filter–Antenna Integration
       Reconfigurable and tunable radio frequency (RF) and microwave (MW) components have become exciting topics for many researchers and design engineers in recent years. Reconfigurable microstrip filter–antenna combinations have been studied in the literature to handle multifunctional tasks for wireless communication systems. Using such devices can reduce the need for many RF components and minimize the cost of the whole wireless system, since the changes in the performance of these applications are achieved using electronic tuning techniques. However, with the rapid development of current fourth-generation (4G) and fifth-generation (5G) applications, compact and reconfigurable structures with a wide tuning range are in high demand. Also, meeting these requirements comes with some challenges, namely the increased design complexity and system size. Accordingly, this paper aims to discuss these challenges and review the recent developments in the design techniques used for reconfigurable filters and antennas, as well as their integration. Various designs for different applications are studied and investigated in terms of their geometrical structures and operational performance. This paper begins with an introduction to microstrip filters, antennas, and filtering antennas (filtennas). Then, performance comparisons between the key and essential structures for these aspects are presented and discussed. Furthermore, a comparison between several RF reconfiguration techniques, current challenges, and future developments is presented and discussed in this review. Among several reconfigurable structures, the most efficient designs with the best attractive features are addressed and highlighted in this paper to improve the performance of RF and MW front end systems.
  • 2.1K
  • 20 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Livestock Management by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can revolutionize livestock herding and management. As a result, there is an increasing scientific interest in using UAVs to manage livestock. UAVs can be used to control livestock grazing areas and remote sensing of these animals.
  • 2.1K
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Multi-Microgrid Scheduling
Multi-microgrids address the need for a resilient, sustainable, and cost-effective electricity supply by providing a coordinated operation of individual networks. Due to local generation, dynamic network topologies, and islanding capabilities of hosted microgrids or groups thereof, various new fault mitigation and optimization options emerge. However, with the great flexibility, new challenges such as complex failure modes that need to be considered for a resilient operation, appear. Multi-Microgrid scheduling refers to the procedure of jointly controlling the assets in a multi-microgrid such that the potential of multi-microgrids can be leveraged.
  • 2.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Switched-Biasing Techniques for CMOS VCO
A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is a key component to generate high-speed clock of mixed-mode circuits and local oscillation signals of the frequency conversion in wired and wireless application systems. In particular, the recent evolution of new high-speed wireless systems in the millimeter-wave frequency band calls for the implementation of the VCO with high oscillation frequency and low close-in phase noise. The effect of the flicker noise on the phase noise of the VCO should be minimized because the flicker noise dramatically increases as the deep-submicron complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process is scaled down, and the flicker corner frequency also increases, up to several MHz, in the up-to-date CMOS process. 
  • 2.1K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Delay Defects in Nanoscale Digital VLSI Circuits
As technology scales down, digital VLSI (very large-scale integration) circuits are prone to many manufacturing defects. These defects may result in functional and delay-related circuit failures. The number of test escapes grows when technology is downscaled. Small delay defects (SDDs) and hidden delay defects (HDDs) are of critical importance in industries since they are the source of most test escapes and reliability problems.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Massive MIMO Systems for 5G
The global bandwidth shortage in the wireless communication sector has motivated the study and exploration of wireless access technology known as massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO). Massive MIMO is one of the key enabling technology for next-generation networks, which groups together antennas at both transmitter and the receiver to provide high spectral and energy efficiency using relatively simple processing. Obtaining a better understating of the massive MIMO system to overcome the fundamental issues such as pilot contamination, channel estimation, precoding, user scheduling, energy efficiency, and signal detection is vital for the successful deployment of 5G and beyond networks. Some of the recent trends in massive MIMO are terahertz communication, ultra massive MIMO (UM-MIMO), visible light communication (VLC), machine learning, and deep learning. 
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19: IoT Adoption in Healthcare
COVID-19 has disrupted normal life and has enforced a substantial change in the policies, priorities and activities of individuals, organisations and governments. These changes are proving to be a catalyst for technology and innovation. In this entry, we discuss the pandemic's potential impact on the adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare. Our perspective and forecast of this impact on IoT adoption is based on a thorough research literature review, a careful examination of reports from leading consulting firms and interactions with several industry experts. For each of these sectors, we also provide the details of notable IoT initiatives taken in wake of COVID-19. We also highlight the challenges that need to be addressed and important research directions that will facilitate accelerated IoT adoption.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Capa Vehicle
A capacitor vehicle or capa vehicle is a traction vehicle that uses supercapacitors (also called ultracapacitors) to store electricity. (As of 2010), the best ultracapacitors can only store about 5% of the energy that lithium-ion rechargeable batteries can, limiting them to a couple of miles per charge. This makes them ineffective as a general energy storage medium for passenger vehicles. But ultracapacitors can charge much faster than batteries, so in vehicles such as buses that have to stop frequently at known points where charging facilities can be provided, energy storage based exclusively on ultracapacitors becomes viable
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring
Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is a process of estimating operational states and power consumption of individual appliances, which if implemented in real-time, can provide actionable feedback in terms of energy usage and personalized recommendations to consumers. Intelligent disaggregation algorithms such as deep neural networks can fulfill this objective if they possess high estimation accuracy and lowest generalization error. In order to achieve these two goals, this paper presents a disaggregation algorithm based on a deep recurrent neural network using multi-feature input space and post-processing. First, the mutual information method was used to select electrical parameters that had the most influence on the power consumption of each target appliance. Second, selected steady-state parameters based multi-feature input space (MFS) was used to train the 4-layered bidirectional long short-term memory (LSTM) model for each target appliance. Finally, a post-processing technique was used at the disaggregation stage to eliminate irrelevant predicted sequences, enhancing the classification and estimation accuracy of the algorithm. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on 1-Hz sampled UKDALE and ECO datasets in a noised scenario with seen and unseen test cases. Performance evaluation showed that the MFS-LSTM algorithm is computationally efficient, scalable, and possesses better estimation accuracy in a noised scenario, and generalized to unseen loads as compared to benchmark algorithms. Presented results proved that the proposed algorithm fulfills practical application requirements and can be deployed in real-time.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Flying Ad Hoc Network
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, have made them able to communicate and collaborate, forming flying ad hoc networks (FANETs). FANETs are becoming popular in many application domains, including precision agriculture, goods delivery, construction, environment and climate monitoring, and military surveillance. These interesting new avenues for the use of UAVs are motivating researchers to rethink the existing research on FANETs. 
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Selected Solid-State Electrolytes
Electrolytes are key components in electrochemical storage systems, which provide an ion-transport mechanism between the cathode and anode of a cell. As battery technologies are in continuous development, there has been growing demand for more efficient, reliable and environmentally friendly materials. Solid-state lithium ion batteries (SSLIBs) are considered as next-generation energy storage systems and solid electrolytes (SEs) are the key components for these systems. Compared to liquid electrolytes, SEs are thermally stable (safer), less toxic and provide a more compact (lighter) battery design. However, the main issue is the ionic conductivity, especially at low temperatures. So far, there are two popular types of SEs: (1) inorganic solid electrolytes (InSEs) and (2) polymer electrolytes (PEs). Among InSEs, sulfide-based SEs are providing very high ionic conductivities (up to 10−2 S/cm) and they can easily compete with liquid electrolytes (LEs). On the other hand, they are much more expensive than LEs. PEs can be produced at less cost than InSEs but their conductivities are still not sufficient for higher performances. 
  • 2.1K
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Single Board Architectures Integrating Sensors Technologies
Development boards, Single-Board Computers (SBCs) and Single-Board Microcontrollers (SBMs) integrating sensors and communication technologies have become a very popular and interesting solution in the last decade. They are of interest for their simplicity, versatility, adaptability, ease of use and prototyping, which allow them to serve as a starting point for projects and as reference for all kinds of designs.
  • 2.0K
  • 11 Oct 2021
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