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Topic Review
Imaging Labels for Nanotheranostics in Cancer Treatment
For targeted nanoDDS, imaging serves as a “pilot” evaluation of where a targeted Nanoparticles (NPs) localizes, shedding light on “on-target efficiency”. The image-guided treatment regime can also facilitate identifying patients who lack the common target and will not respond to treatment, which is critical for treatment planning. Designing nanotheranostic particles with high efficiency and translational potential demands careful choice of the composition of NPs, imaging labels to be added to the NPs, in addition to their target of choice and cargo to be delivered.
  • 625
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Myocardial Radiofrequency Ablation Temperature Monitoring
Myocardial catheter-mediated radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive technique which exploits high-frequency alternating electrical current to induce irreversible damage in selected myocardial districts through hyperthermia. (RFA) has received substantial attention for the treatment of multiple arrhythmias. In this scenario, there is an ever-growing demand for monitoring the temperature trend inside the tissue as it may allow an accurate control of the treatment effects, with a consequent improvement of the clinical outcomes. There are many methods for monitoring temperature in tissues undergoing RFA, which can be divided as invasive and non-invasive. 
  • 623
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ultrasound-Responsive Nanocarriers for Breast Cancer Chemotherapy
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and is treated with surgical intervention, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these regimens. Despite its ample use, chemotherapy has limitations such as bioavailability, adverse side effects, high-dose requirements, low therapeutic indices, multiple drug resistance development, and non-specific targeting. Drug delivery vehicles or carriers, of which nanocarriers are prominent, have been introduced to overcome chemotherapy limitations. Nanocarriers have been preferentially used in breast cancer chemotherapy because of their role in protecting therapeutic agents from degradation, enabling efficient drug concentration in target cells or tissues, overcoming drug resistance, and their relatively small size. However, nanocarriers are affected by physiological barriers, bioavailability of transported drugs, and other factors. To resolve these issues, the use of external stimuli has been introduced, such as ultrasound, infrared light, thermal stimulation, microwaves, and X-rays. Recently, ultrasound-responsive nanocarriers have become popular because they are cost-effective, non-invasive, specific, tissue-penetrating, and deliver high drug concentrations to their target.
  • 622
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Physical Micro-Environment of Periodontal Ligament
In native periodontal ligament (PDL) development and homeostasis, mechanical loading plays a crucial role. Thus, any strategy aiming at periodontal tissue engineering should entail understanding and replicating in vitro the specific mechanical forces that guide the formation and remodeling of the PDL.
  • 619
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Identifying Vocational Deficiencies in Musicians
A combination of factors exposes musicians to neuro-musculoskeletal disorders, which lead to pain and damage. These involve overuse due to long playing hours, containing repetitive movements under stressful conditions, usually performed in an unnatural posture. Although the evoked disorders are usually non-traumatic, they may often lead to prolonged or even permanent damage. For instance, in upper string players, these include bursitis and tendinopathies of the shoulder muscles, tendonitis of the rotator cuff, injury at the tendon sheaths, medial or lateral epicondylitis (also known as tennis elbow), myofascial pain, and wrist tendonitis (also known as carpal tunnel syndrome, or De Quervein’s syndrome). In cases of intensive performance, a traumatic injury may result, requiring drastic means of intervention such as surgery. It should be pointed out that the upper body and upper extremities are the most commonly affected sites of playing musicians.
  • 618
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Nosocomial Infections and Role of Nanotechnology
Nosocomial infections, termed hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), are acquired from a healthcare or hospital setting. HAI is mainly caused by bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterococci spp., Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and many more. Due to growing antibacterial resistance, nanotechnology has paved the way for more potent and sensitive methods of detecting and treating bacterial infections.
  • 618
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
MRI function in Bone Microstructure
Bone microarchitecture has been shown to provide useful information regarding the evaluation of skeleton quality with an added value to areal bone mineral density, which can be used for the di-agnosis of several bone diseases. Bone mineral density estimated from dual-energy x-ray absorp-tiometry (DXA) has shown to be a limited tool to identify patients’ risk stratification and therapy delivery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proposed as another technique to assess bone quality and fracture risk by evaluating the bone structure and microarchitecture.
  • 616
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Myoelectrically Controlled Hand Prostheses
The loss of one or multiple fingers can lead to psychological problems as well as functional impairment. Various options exist for replacement and restoration after hand or finger loss. Prosthetic hand or finger prostheses improve esthetic outcomes and the quality of life for patients. Myoelectrically controlled hand prostheses have been used to attempt to produce different movements.
  • 615
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Computational Biomechanics for Surgical Procedures and Devices Investigation
Biomechanical investigations of surgical procedures and devices are usually developed by means of human or animal models. The exploitation of computational methods and tools can reduce, refine, and replace (3R) the animal experimentations for scientific purposes and for pre-clinical research. The computational model of a biological structure characterizes both its geometrical conformation and the mechanical behavior of its building tissues. Model development requires coupled experimental and computational activities. Medical images and anthropometric information provide the geometrical definition of the computational model. Histological investigations and mechanical tests on tissue samples allow for characterizing biological tissues’ mechanical response by means of constitutive models. The assessment of computational model reliability requires comparing model results and data from further experimentations. Computational methods allow for the in-silico analysis of surgical procedures and devices’ functionality considering many different influencing variables, the experimental investigation of which should be extremely expensive and time consuming. 
  • 615
  • 08 Jan 2022
Topic Review
DynamiChain
The development of a dynamic consent medical blockchain system called DynamiChain, based on a ruleset management algorithm for handling health examination data.
  • 613
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cystic Fibrosis Human Organs-on-a-Chip
Cystic fibrosis human organs-on-a-chip can be used in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). CF is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene: the gene product responsible for transporting chloride and bicarbonate ions through the apical membrane of most epithelial cells.
  • 613
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Joint Homeostasis and Osteoarthritis
As a hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA), structural and functional disturbances of the subchondral bone are associated with osteocyte dysfunction. Osteocytes act as mechanosensory units for micro-cracks in response to loading, and as the regulator of osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities. Aberrant expressions of osteocyte-derived signaling molecules likely underlie the anomalies seen in osteocyte morphology and bone remodelling.
  • 611
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Digital Twins for Home Remote Motor Rehabilitation
The COVID-19 pandemic created the need for telerehabilitation development, while Industry 4.0 brought the key technology. As motor therapy often requires the physical support of a patient’s motion, combining robot-aided workouts with remote control is a promising solution. This may be realised with the use of the device’s digital twin so as to give it an immersive operation. Such technology may be used for manual remote kinesiotherapy, combined with the safety systems predicting potentially harmful situations. The concept is universally applicable to rehabilitation robots.
  • 602
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Anaerobic Digestion Soft Sensor
Anaerobic digestion is associated with various crucial variables, such as biogas yield, chemical oxygen demand, and volatile fatty acid concentration. Real-time monitoring of these variables can not only reflect the process of anaerobic digestion directly but also accelerate the efficiency of resource conversion and improve the stability of the reaction process. Therefore, it is essential to conduct soft sensor modeling for unmeasurable variables and use auxiliary variables to realize real-time monitoring, optimization, and control of the an-aerobic digestion process.
  • 600
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cell-Surface Engineering
Literature in the field of stem cell therapy indicates that, when stem cells in a state of single-cell suspension are injected systemically, they show poor in vivo survival, while such cells show robust cell survival and regeneration activity when transplanted in the state of being attached on a biomaterial surface.
  • 597
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Assessment of Motor Evoked Potentials in Multiple Sclerosis
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive technique mainly used for the assessment of corticospinal tract integrity and excitability of the primary motor cortices. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) play a pivotal role in TMS studies.
  • 597
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Regenerative Medicine of Liver
The liver is a very integral organ in the human body and in healthy adults’ the weight of this organ is approximately 1.4 kg, which makes it the largest gland in the human body. The rib cage protects the liver; therefore, it is unusual to be able to feel the liver from outside the body
  • 594
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Microfluidics and Plasmodium
Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite called Plasmodium. Four different species of Plasmodium cause human infections: P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. vivax. Worldwide, the most prevalent species is P. falciparum (around 96%), which is the most lethal species (300,000 deaths worldwide in 2017), and P. vivax, which has the most extensive geographical distribution.
  • 591
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tongue Contour Tracking Techniques in Ultrasound Images
Lingual ultrasound imaging is essential in linguistic research and speech recognition. It has been used widely in different applications as visual feedback to enhance language learning for non-native speakers, study speech-related disorders and remediation, articulation research and analysis, swallowing study, tongue 3D modelling, and silent speech interface. Tongue tracking using machine learning-based techniques is superior to traditional techniques, considering the performance and algorithm generalization ability. Meanwhile, traditional techniques are helpful for implementing interactive image segmentation to extract valuable features during training and postprocessing. 
  • 591
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Image-Guided Nanotherapeutic Delivery
A certain class of multifunctional nanomaterials serves as a delivery platform for controlled drug release under image guidance. They have shown significant therapeutic potential and broad applications whereas their design specifics remain a subject of continued interest primarily due to multifunctional factors involved, ranging from nanomaterial properties, imaging modalities, and therapeutic agents to activation strategies.
  • 590
  • 25 Jan 2021
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