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Topic Review
Medicinal Plants Used in Skin Diseases Treatment
Wound healing is a multifaceted process necessitating the collaboration of numerous elements to mend damaged tissue. Plant and animal-derived natural compounds have been utilized for wound treatment over the centuries, with many scientific investigations examining these compounds. Those with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties are particularly noteworthy, as they target various wound-healing stages to expedite recovery.
  • 613
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Hormones of Hair Loss in Non-Scarring Alopecias
Hair loss is a common clinical condition connected with serious psychological distress and reduced quality of life. Hormones play an essential role in the regulation of the hair growth cycle.
  • 612
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Management of Melasma
Melasma is a commonly occurring pigmented skin condition that can significantly affect one’s appearance, described as symmetric hyperpigmentation that presents as irregular brown to gray-brown macules on various facial areas, such as the cheeks, forehead, nasal bridge, and upper lip, along with the mandible and upper arms. Due to its complex pathogenesis and recurrent nature, melasma management is challenging and the outcomes following treatment are not always deemed satisfactory. 
  • 610
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis
Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis fall within the category of cutaneous immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). The prevalence of IMIDs is increasing in industrialized societies, influenced by both environmental changes and a genetic predisposition. 
  • 608
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Cutaneous Melanoma
Melanoma is the most frequent of the aggressive cutaneous malignancies, being the first cause of death for patients with skin cancer. Melanoma is considered the tumor with the highest mutation rate. Mutations in the BRAF gene are present in 50–60% of melanomas and the CDKN2A gene is altered in 16–41% of melanomas.
  • 586
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Pemphigus and Pemphigoid Group
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed on nearly all nucleated cells in the body. The HLA region is located on the short arm of chromosome 6 (6p21), commonly referred to as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). There are two major classes of HLA antigens: HLA class I (loci HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C) and HLA class II (loci HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, HLA-DP, HLA-DM, and HLA-DO); these HLA molecules exhibit a high degree of polymorphism, with numerous alleles at each specific locus. 
  • 586
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Integrated Management of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most prevalent neoplasms worldwide. Important risk factors for cSCC include sun exposure, immunosuppression, pale skin, and aging. White people are more likely to develop cSCC, and men are more affected than women.
  • 573
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome, Immunity, and Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a common inflammatory skin disease affecting 7–10% of adults and up to 25% of young children.
  • 573
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Galectin-3 in Psoriasis
Galectin-3 (gal-3) regulates many different biological processes and diseases, which are common accompanying diseases of psoriasis. Psoriasis is one of the most common skin diseases. There is little information about potential diagnostic role of gal-3 in psoriasis. Serum gal-3 concentrations were measured before and after twelve weeks of antipsoriatic treatment in patients with psoriasis and compared to 11 persons without psoriasis (control group). Serum gal-3 level in patients with psoriasis was significantly higher compared to the control group. In obese patients and long-lasting psoriasis positive relations of gal-3 and index of psoriasis severity were noted. In psoriatics with low gal-3 levels, it was noted that the higher the gal-3, the higher the BMI and glucose level. In patients with long history of psoriasis it was observed that the higher gal-3, the lower the lipids levels. The Gal-3 level might be a factor affecting the course of psoriasis and useful in prediction of cardiometabolic comorbidities, especially in patients with a long history of the disease or obesity. Patients with low serum gal-3 and a short history of psoriasis may have greater risk of diabetes. In obese patients with long-lasting psoriasis, gal-3 may have a beneficial influence against abnormal lipid profiles or perhaps further cardiovascular disorder development.
  • 572
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Treatment of Dermatologic Conditions
Janus kinase inhibitors, also known as JAK inhibitors, JAKinibs or JAKi, are a new group of disease-modifying drugs. They work by inhibiting enzymes involved in the transmission of information from receptors located in the cell membrane to the cell interior, specifically to the cell nucleus, thus disrupting the JAK-STAT pathway. This pathway plays a role in key cellular processes such as the immune response and cell growth. This feature is used in the treatment of patients with rheumatological, gastroenterological and hematological diseases. It has been discovered that JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors also show therapeutic potential against dermatological diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata and acquired vitiligo. Studies are underway to use them in the treatment of several other dermatoses. Janus kinase inhibitors represent a promising class of drugs for the treatment of skin diseases refractory to conventional therapy.
  • 571
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Pathology of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin cancer, originating from keratinocytes of the spinous layer. Numerous risk factors have been discovered for the initiation and growth of this type of cancer, such as exposure to UV and ionizing radiation, chemical carcinogens, the presence of immunosuppression states, chronic inflammation, infections with high-risk viral strains, and, last but not least, the presence of diseases associated with genetic alterations. The important socio-economic impact, as well as the difficulty associated with therapy for advanced forms, has made the molecular mechanisms underlying this neoplasia more and more intensively studied, with the intention of achieving a better understanding and advancing the treatment of this pathology.
  • 566
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Proteomic and Metabolomic Changes in Psoriasis
Skin diseases such as psoriasis (Ps) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Overlap of autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions hinders diagnoses and identifying personalized patient treatments due to different psoriasis subtypes and the lack of verified biomarkers. Proteomics and metabolomics have been intensively investigated in a broad range of skin diseases with the main purpose of identifying proteins and small molecules involved in the pathogenesis and development of the disease. 
  • 548
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome Influence on Atopic Dermatitis
It is acknowledged that humans have a diverse and abundant microbial community known as the human microbiome. Nevertheless, the comprehension of the numerous functions these microorganisms have in human health is still in its early stages. Microorganisms belonging to the human microbiome typically coexist with their host, but in certain situations, they can lead to diseases. They are found in several areas of the human body in healthy individuals. The microbiome is highly diverse, and its composition varies depending on the body site. 
  • 542
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Spectrum of Dermatitis and Eczema
Dermatitis (eczema) is a noninfectious inflammation of the epidermis and dermis that manifests itself through an array of efflorescences, including erythema, edema, inflammatory infiltrate, papules, vesicles, scales, serous crusts and lichenification. Depending on the stage and intensity of the disease, these skin changes may emerge in various constellations simultaneously or may evolve from one another. They are typically accompanied by the subjective sensation of itch (pruritus), pain or stinging or burning sensations of various intensities. The histological picture of dermatitis/eczema includes spongiosis, acanthosis, parakeratosis or hyperkeratosis in the epidermis, in addition to lymphocytic and granulocytic infiltration of the upper dermis and epidermis. The term “dermatitis” means literally “inflammation of the skin”; however, its use in dermatology is restricted to a subgroup of non-infectious inflammatory skin diseases with similar clinical appearances, creating the spectrum of dermatitis and eczema (SoDE). Therefore, tinea (a fungal infection of the skin), psoriasis or inflammatory acne will not be referred to as “dermatitis” even though inflammation of the skin is their inherent feature. Depending on the country and dermatology school, the term “eczema” could refer to acute dermatitis (e.g., in the USA) or chronic dermatitis (e.g., in Germany). Moreover, some scholars maintain that “eczema” means dermatitis with a known cause, while “dermatitis” would suggest that there is no definite diagnosis yet. Finally, the term “eczema” is used by some scholars as a synonym of “atopic dermatitis” (AD), which should be strongly discouraged as misleading and confusing. In light of these contradictions, it seems most reasonable to consider the terms “dermatitis” and “eczema” synonyms.
  • 535
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Diversity of Mycolactone-Producing Mycobacteria
Buruli ulcer (BU), a human necrotizing skin disease mainly affecting tropical and subtropical areas, commonly admitted to be caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans worldwide although other mycolactone-producing mycobacteria and even mycobacterium species were found associated with BU or BU-like cases. 
  • 525
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
Standard non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) treatment involves surgery, recently combined with chemotherapy or immunotherapy in cases of advanced tumors. EVs, including exosomes, are integral to carcinogenesis, and are found in NMSC releasing mediators impacting tumor progression. Nevertheless, the precise intercellular signaling role of NMSC-derived EVs remains unclear. 
  • 520
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Immunity against Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), are the most frequent types of cancers among Caucasians. Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) occur frequently in the Caucasian population and are considered a burden for health care. Risk factors include ultraviolet (UV) radiation, ethnicity and immunosuppression. This indicates the importance of immunosurveillance in preventing NMSC. However, the immunological mechanisms mediating immunosurveillance against NMSC are not fully known. 
  • 507
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Cutaneous irAEs Induced by ICIs
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as promising therapeutic options for the treatment of various cancers. These novel treatments effectively target key mediators of immune checkpoint pathways. ICIs primarily consist of monoclonal antibodies that specifically block cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein (LAG-3). Despite the notable efficacy of ICIs in cancer treatment, they can also trigger immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which present as autoimmune-like or inflammatory conditions.
  • 502
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Stem Cells in Wound Healing
Wound healing is an intricate process involving coordinated interactions among inflammatory cells, skin fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. Successful tissue repair hinges on controlled inflammation, angiogenesis, and remodeling facilitated by the exchange of cytokines and growth factors. Comorbid conditions can disrupt this process, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing wound healing, utilizing cells from diverse sources such as endothelial progenitor cells, bone marrow, adipose tissue, dermal, and inducible pluripotent stem cells.
  • 502
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Current Targeted Biologics in Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating cutaneous disease characterized by a vicious cycle of chronic inflammation and tissue destruction that stems from disruption of the skin microbiome and abnormal activation of both the innate and adaptive immune system. 
  • 496
  • 18 Feb 2024
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