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Topic Review
Regular Physical Activity and Dental Erosion
Dental erosion is the irreversible pathological loss of hard tissues, which are chemically dissolved by acids, especially through external means, such as diet (e.g., fruit juices, isotonic or energy drinks). Regular physical activity was associated with an increased risk of dental erosion, especially under the influence of frequent consumption of sports drinks. 
  • 372
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Full-Digital Customized Meshes in Guided Bone Regeneration
Meshes, especially titanium ones, are being widely applied in oral surgery. In guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures, their use is often paired with membranes, being resorbable or non-resorbable. However, they present some limitations, such as difficulty in the treatment of severe bone defects, alongside frequent mesh exposure. Customized meshes, produced by a full-digital process, have been recently introduced in GBR procedures. The main findings in recent years of clinical trials regarding patient-specific mesh produced by CAD/CAM and 3D printing workflow, made in titanium or even PEEK, applied to GBR surgeries, are described. The purpose is to analyze their clinical management, advantages, and complications. 
  • 372
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Dental Implants Materials
The development of dental implantology is based on the detailed study of the interaction of implants with the surrounding tissues and methods of osteogenesis stimulation around implants, which has been confirmed by the increasing number of scientific publications presenting the results of studies related to both the influence of the chemical composition of dental implant material as well as the method of its surface modification on the key operational characteristics of implants.
  • 368
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Indications and Contraindications of Buccal Fat Pad Usage
The buccal fat pad, also called the Bichat’s fat pad (BFP), is an encapsulated fat mass located in the cheek. This type of specialized fat mass can be used both as a pedicular or free graft in various surgeries and approaches. Due to its easy access from the oral cavity approach, it is commonly used for oroantral and palatal fistula closure. The BFP is used for multiple purposes in reconstructive and oncology surgery and also has its use in esthetic and facial contouring procedures. The amount, volume, and shape of the BFP are mostly associated with the scope of their usage. 
  • 365
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Unilateral Condylar Hyperplasia
Unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH) is a pathology most commonly present in one side of the mandible, characterized by an abnormal condylar process of progressive overgrowth in time, causing visible changes in the anatomy, shape, and size of condylar head and neck elongation, along with visible facial asymmetry features.
  • 361
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Gene-Activated Materials in Regenerative Dentistry and Periodontology
Treatment of a wide variety of defects in the oral and maxillofacial regions requires the use of innovative approaches to achieve best outcomes. One of the promising directions is the use of gene-activated materials (GAMs) that represent a combination of tissue engineering and gene therapy.
  • 361
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Biomarkers from Peri-Implant Crevicular Fluid
Some inflammatory biomarkers harvested from peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) (collagenase-2, collagenase-3, ALP, EA, gelatinase b, NTx, procalcitonin, IL-1β, and several miRNAs) seem to be correlated with peri-implant bone loss (BL) and may assist in the early diagnosis of pathological BL, that characterizes peri-implantitis. MiRNA expression demonstrated a predictive potential of peri-implant BL that could be useful for host-targeted preventive and therapeutic purposes. PICF sampling may represent a promising, noninvasive, and repeatable form of liquid biopsy in implant dentistry.
  • 359
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Maxillary Anterior Teeth Dimensions and Relative Width Proportions
Predictable results in the aesthetic treatment of anterior teeth can be obtained by resorting to the concept of dental aesthetics and, in particular, defining the ideal tooth dimensions and proportions to obtain a harmonious smile.
  • 347
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Current Salivary Glands Biopsy Techniques
Biopsy is a surgical procedure performed to collect a portion of tissue or organ for diagnostic studies. A search was performed using the following MeSH terms: biopsy, fine-needle biopsies, image-guided biopsies, frozen sections, and salivary glands disease. A current overview of major and minor salivary glands biopsy techniques was provided. In the oncological field, a comparison was made between the most widely used biopsy method, ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (US-FNAB), and an alternative method, ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy (US-guided CNB), highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each. Finally, intra-operative frozen sections (IOFSs) were presented as an additional intraoperative diagnostic method. Minor salivary gland biopsy (MSGB) is the simplest diagnostic method used by clinicians in the diagnosis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In neoplastic lesions, US-FNAB represents the most performed method; however, due to its low diagnostic accuracy for non-neoplastic specimens, US-guided CNB has been introduced as an alternative method. 
  • 346
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Epidemiology
Temporomandibular disorders of all varieties affect people in every culture on every continent, affecting up to 11% of children and even as high as 31% of adults.
  • 346
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Innovation in Biomechanical Orthognathic Surgery
Craniofacial surgery is proposed and performed for a variety of reasons, ranging from congenital or acquired malformations to emotional disorders and parafunctions of the masticatory, respiratory, auditory, and visual systems. Surgery of the mandible and its orthostatic repositioning is the most common of these corrections of craniofacial anomalies. Throughout the history of these procedures, various techniques have been proposed and perfected, but always with a high rate of minor and major complications. The recurrence rate of mandibular malposition is high, as is the temporary loss of facial sensitivity and motor skills. These outcomes are often related to the choice of surgical technique rather than the skill of the surgeon, which is considered to be one of the most important factors in the final outcome. Surgical techniques involving direct manipulation of the vascular-nervous bundles, such as bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, clearly present the possibility of major or minor complications.
  • 346
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Oral Inflammatory Diseases
Oral inflammatory diseases (OIDs) include many common diseases such as periodontitis and pulpitis. The causes of OIDs consist microorganism, trauma, occlusal factors, autoimmune dis-eases and radiation therapy. When treated unproperly, such diseases not only affect oral health but also pose threat to people’s overall health condition. Therefore, identifying OIDs at an early stage and exploring new therapeutic strategies are important tasks for oral-related research. Mitochondria are crucial organelles for many cellular activities and disruptions of mitochondrial function not only affect cellular metabolism but also indirectly influence people’s health and life span. Increasing evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the development and progression of OIDs and its associated systemic diseases. 
  • 342
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Silver Diamine Fluoride in Arresting Caries
Dental caries is a painful condition that could lead to nutritional problems which affects the overall health of the child, as well it is expensive to treat. 
  • 336
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Association between T1DM and Periodontal Diseases
Gingivitis and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory diseases that affect the supporting tissues of the teeth. Although induced by the presence of bacterial biofilms, other factor, such as tobacco smoking, drugs, and various systemic diseases, are known to influence their pathogenesis. Diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases correspond to inflammatory diseases that have pathogenic mechanisms in common, with the involvement of pro-inflammatory mediators. There seems to be an association between periodontal disease (PD) and Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), and the prevalence and severity of PD was higher in DM1 patients when compared to healthy controls.
  • 336
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Complete-Arch Implant-Supported Fixed Monolithic Zirconia Restorations
In full-arch rehabilitation with implant-supported fixed prostheses, using monolithic zirconia seems to have several advantages regarding function and esthetics. However, the current scientific evidence is still limited.
  • 336
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Role of Sex Hormones in OSCC and Periodontitis
Sex hormones may also influence gingival microcirculation, thus impacting the spatial progression of periodontitis. The specific role of sex hormones in the onset and prognostic features of oral cancer must also be considered. 
  • 326
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Dysregulated Phosphate Metabolism, Periodontal Disease, and Cancer
Phosphate, an essential dietary micronutrient, is dysregulated in chronic kidney disease, and both cancer and periodontal disease are associated with chronic kidney disease. Reviewed evidence includes the association between phosphate toxicity and cancer development, and the association between periodontal disease and chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder includes conditions such as ectopic calcification and bone resorption, which may be indirectly related to periodontal disease. Dental calculus in periodontal disease contains calcium phosphate crystals that are deposited from excess calcium and phosphate in saliva. Alveolar bone resorption may be linked systemically to release of parathyroid hormone in response to hypocalcemia induced by hyperphosphatemia. 
  • 325
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Antisclerostin Effect on Osseointegration and Bone
Sclerostin is a glycoprotein encoded in humans by the SOST gene. It is located on chromosome 17q12-q21, with a C-terminal cysteine knot-like (CTCK) domain. It has a similar sequence also to DAN (Differential screening-selected gene Aberrative in Neuroblastoma), an antagonist’s family of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). Sclerostin is primarily produced and secreted by osteocytes. Moreover, it is a negative key regulator of osteoblastic functions. It inhibits osteoblast differentiation and bone formation by inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway after binding with LRP5 and 6 (Wnt-coreceptor). This canonical Wnt signaling (Wnt/β-catenin pathway) is essential in bone healing. It promotes pre-osteoblast proliferation and osteo-induction, enhances survival of all cells of the osteoblast lineage, inhibits differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into chondrocytes and adipocytes and controls osteoclast maturation by regulating RANKL levels in osteoblast receptors.
  • 323
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cellular Metabolism in Dentine-Pulp Complex
The cellular metabolic processes ensure the physiological integrity of the dentine-pulp complex. Odontoblasts and odontoblast-like cells are responsible for the defence mechanisms in the form of tertiary dentine formation. In turn, the main defence reaction of the pulp is the development of inflammation, during which the metabolic and signalling pathways of the cells are significantly altered.
  • 318
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Oral Complications in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent form of all childhood leukemias, mostly affecting children between 2 and 4 years old. Oral symptoms, such as mouth ulcers, mucositis, xerostomia, Herpes or Candidiasis, gingival enlargement and bleeding, petechiae, erythema, mucosal pallor and atrophic glossitis, are very common symptoms of ALL and can be early signs of the disease.
  • 316
  • 05 Sep 2023
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