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Topic Review
Oral Microbiota in Patients with Peri-Implant Disease
Peri-implant infections are the most common complications related to the placement of dental implants. There are many microbial similarities between peri-implantitis and periodontitis but due to current laboratory techniques there are just as many differences. The peri-implant microbiota presents a lower microbial quality than the periodontal microbiota, becoming increasingly complex as it progresses from peri-implant mucositis to peri-implantitis. The microbial difference detected between the peri-implant and periodontal microbiota is primarily related to whole bacterial populations, rather than specific bacterial taxa. The use of probiotics could support the reduction of peri-implant pockets, in association with mechanical debridement, due to their mechanism of action of competitive inhibition for adhesion sites. The peri-implant microbiota represents a qualitatively inferior but quantitatively superior bacterial ecosystem for some bacterial genera compared to the periodontal microbiota, showing that a progression from healthy state to peri-implantitis causes changes in microbiota composition in the absence of specific disease-causing bacteria.
  • 728
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Strength Parameters of Composite Cements and Storage Temperature
Fixed restorations are now among the most common restorations in modern dental prosthodontics. The view in prosthodontics of maximum preparation economy is causing an increased interest in the mechanical properties of cements. Among the most important properties of materials used for indirect cementation are mechanical properties, i.e., hardness and compressive strength. These properties can change as a result of changes in physical factors. Some studies indicated that mechanical properties, such as flexural strength, polymerization shrinkage, and conversion factor, did not change after heating the composite material. According to some researchers, preheating the composite material increased its conversion degree, which consequently led to an increase in hardness and fracture toughness, an increase in flexural strength and an increase in elastic modulus, and an increase in abrasion resistance.
  • 726
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Intraoral Sialadenoma Papilliferum
Sialadenoma papilliferum (SP) is a rare benign epithelial tumour of salivary gland origin, its diagnosis being potentially challenging. It was first described by Abrams and Finck in 1969 as an analog of the cutaneous syringocystadenoma papilliferum.
  • 722
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Smartphone Applications in Dentistry
Nowadays, smartphones are regularly used by people of all ages, and mobile health apps (MHAs) represent an important means of spreading information related to oral health, which is the state of the mouth and teeth, including the gums and other tissues. Several apps have been designed to promote prevention, diagnosis, and therapeutic adherence monitoring.
  • 721
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Dental Implants in AUBB and ALBBs
The Implant survival rates were negatively affected in sub-entities linked to more extensive augmentation procedures such as bone donor site and dentition status. The inclusion and pooling of literature with a low level of evidence, the absence of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) comparing AUBB and ALBB and the limited count of comparative studies with short follow-ups increases the risk of bias and complicates data interpretation.
  • 710
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Discrimination of Oral Cancerous Lesions
Early detection of oral cancer is important to increase the survival rate and reduce morbidity. For the past few years, the early detection of oral cancer using artificial intelligence (AI) technology based on autofluorescence imaging, photographic imaging, and optical coherence tomography imaging has been an important research area. 
  • 709
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Applications of 3D Printing in Dentistry
3D printing technologies include stereolithography, digital light processing, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering/melting, photopolymer jetting, powder binder, and 3D laser bioprinting. The main categories of 3D printing materials are polymers, metals, and ceramics. Despite limitations in printing accuracy and quality, 3D printing technology is now able to offer people a wide variety of potential applications in different fields of dentistry, including prosthodontics, implantology, oral and maxillofacial, orthodontics, endodontics, and periodontics. Understanding the existing spectrum of 3D printing applications in dentistry will serve to further expand its use in the dental field. Three-dimensional printing technology has brought about a paradigm shift in the delivery of clinical care in medicine and dentistry. 
  • 709
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Full-Digital Customized Meshes in Guided Bone Regeneration
Meshes, especially titanium ones, are being widely applied in oral surgery. In guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures, their use is often paired with membranes, being resorbable or non-resorbable. However, they present some limitations, such as difficulty in the treatment of severe bone defects, alongside frequent mesh exposure. Customized meshes, produced by a full-digital process, have been recently introduced in GBR procedures. The main findings in recent years of clinical trials regarding patient-specific mesh produced by CAD/CAM and 3D printing workflow, made in titanium or even PEEK, applied to GBR surgeries, are described. The purpose is to analyze their clinical management, advantages, and complications. 
  • 707
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
In Vivo Bone Tissue Engineering Advances
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has emerged as a novel approach to guided bone tissue regeneration. BTE focuses on in vitro manipulations with seed cells, growth factors and bioactive scaffolds using bioreactors. The successful clinical translation of BTE requires overcoming a number of significant challenges.
  • 703
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Rotary Nickel-Titanium Instruments
Nickel–titanium alloy (Ni-Ti) rotary instruments must exert torque to cut and eradicate septic dentin during canal preparation; torsional stress, associated with friction between the instrument and dentin wall, accumulates in the instruments.
  • 701
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Nystatin-Added Tissue Conditioners for DIS
Denture-induced stomatitis (DIS) represents a pathological condition caused by ill-fitting dentures trauma, manifested as inflammation of the palatal tissue beneath the denture. The fungal infec-tions are the principal contributory factors to DIS. Although the aetiology of DIS is multifactorial, the Candida albicans fungal infection remains the main cause.
  • 694
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Matrix Metalloproteinases and Temporomandibular Joint Disorder
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are progressive degenerative disorders that affect the components of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), characterized by pain and limitations in function. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are enzymes involved in physiological breakdown of tissue that can have a pathological effect from an increase in activity during inflammation.
  • 692
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Role of Arecoline in Oral Carcinogenesis
Arecoline is the primary active carcinogen found in areca nut and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). 
  • 692
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Home Oral Care of Children
Tooth decay remains one of the most common diseases in children. The oral health status of children can be influenced by many different factors related to their oral health practices, but also to parental factors.
  • 691
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Oral Health and Schizophrenia in Advanced Age
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that makes patients incompetent to perform day-to-day activities due to their progressing mental illness. In addition to disturbances with thoughts, behavioral changes, and impaired cognitive functions, oro-systemic health also becomes compromised. 
  • 689
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Novel Antibacterial Approaches for Eradicating Dental Biofilm
Periodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease that affects tooth-supporting soft/hard tissues of the dentition. The dental plaque biofilm is considered as a primary etiological factor in susceptible patients; however, other factors contribute to progression, such as diabetes and smoking. Current management utilizes mechanical biofilm removal as the gold standard of treatment. Antibacterial agents might be indicated in certain conditions as an adjunct to this mechanical approach. Studies suggest efficacy in the use of adjunctive antimicrobials in patients with grade C periodontitis of young age or where the associated risk factors are inconsistent with the amount of bone loss present. Meanwhile, alternative approaches such as photodynamic therapy and probiotics showed limited supportive evidence, and more studies are warranted to validate their efficiency.
  • 686
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Currently Existing Pathogenesis of Oral Lichen Planus
Lichen ruber planus (LP) is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory mucocutaneus disease that influences the hair, skin, and nails, as well as the genital, oesophageal, laryngeal, conjunctival, and oral mucosa. Mostly, it is isolated only in the oral cavity without involving the skin or other mucous membranes. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is considered a T cell-mediated chronic inflammatory process activated by an unknown antigen, making basal keratinocytes vulnerable to a cytotoxic cell mediated immune response.
  • 683
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Customized Subperiosteal Implants forthe Rehabilitation of Atrophic Jaws
Customized subperiosteal implants (CSIs) are a promising treatment option for rehabilitating edentulous patients with atrophic jaws; they seem to have an excellent short-term survival rate, a low incidence of major complications, and less morbidity in comparison with complex bone grafting procedures. 
  • 678
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Silver Diamine Fluoride in Arresting Caries
Dental caries is a painful condition that could lead to nutritional problems which affects the overall health of the child, as well it is expensive to treat. 
  • 668
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Periodontitis in Pregnant Women
Periodontitis develops in 11% of pregnant women, and it is independently linked to severe complications during pregnancy such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and gestational diabetes. Periodontal disease appears to be associated with adverse events in pregnancy due to the transport of biofilm bacteria into the bloodstream and into placental tissue; what would cause adverse events is the body’s immune response to infection.
  • 666
  • 29 May 2023
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