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Topic Review
N-glycoproteins in Plant Cell Walls
Cell walls are an extracellular compartment specific to plant cells, which is not found in animal cells. Their composition varies between cell types, plant species, and physiological states. They are composed of a great diversity of polymers, e.g., polysaccharides, proteins, and lignins. Cell wall proteins (CWPs) are major players involved in the plasticity of cell walls which support cell growth and differentiation, as well as adaptation to environmental changes. In order to reach the extracellular space, CWPs are transported through the secretory pathway where they may undergo post-translational modifications, including N-glycosylations on the Asn residues in specific motifs (Asn-X-Ser/Thr-X, with X≠Pro).
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Semantic Modeling, Simulation and Cybersecurity in the IoUT
As maritime and military missions become more and more complex and multi-factorial over the years, there has been a high interest in the research and development of (autonomous) unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). Latest efforts concern the modeling and simulation of UUVs’ collaboration in swarm formations, towards obtaining deeper insights related to the critical issues of cybersecurity and interoperability. The research topics, which are constantly emerging in this domain, are closely related to the communication, interoperability, and secure operation of UUVs, as well as to the volume, velocity, variety, and veracity of data transmitted in low bit-rate due to the medium, i.e., the water. 
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Chinese Teachers' Perspectives on Early Childhood Education
Early childhood education (ECE) has long been neglected in China, causing the widely reported “3A” problems: accessibility (difficult to enter a kindergarten), affordability (expensive tuition), and accountability (poor quality and no monitoring system). To solve these problems, the central government promulgated the Several Views on the Development of Preschool Education by the State Council and Outline of China’s National Plan for Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development (2010–2020) in 2010, aiming to enable more children to receive adequate and satisfactory ECE services.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Biological Activities of Lavandin
Lavandin essential oil has been found to have antioxidant and biocidal activity (antimicrobial, nematicidal, antiprotozoal, insecticidal, and allelopathic), as well as other potential therapeutic effects such as anxiolytic, neuroprotective, improving sleep quality, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Rokumijiogan, Hachimijiogan and Bakumijiogan in Nephrectomized Rats
According to the underlying concepts of TCM(traditional Chinese medicine) theory, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly regarded as caused by Qi deficiency and Yang deficiency due to Xieqi repletion. The basic treatment principle of TCM is Yang/Qi-replenishing and Xieqi-draining. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Role of Melatonin in the Pathogenesis of NAFLD
Endogenous melatonin, an indoleamine hormone synthesized by the pineal gland mainly at night, is a powerful chronobiotic that probably regulates metabolic processes and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and genomic effects. Extrapineal melatonin has been found in various tissues and organs, including the liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract, where it likely maintains cellular homeostasis. Melatonin exerts its effects on NAFLD at the cellular, subcellular, and molecular levels, affecting numerous signaling pathways.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Finerenone
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Despite guideline-directed therapy of CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes, the risk of renal failure and cardiovascular events still remains high, and diabetes remains the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in affected patients. To date, current medications for CKD and type 2 diabetes mellitus have not reset residual risk in patients due to a high grade of inflammation and fibrosis contributing to kidney and heart disease.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Multi-Photon Tomography in Skin Penetration Research
Multi-photon tomography (MPT) is a 3D optical imaging method based on the detection of fluorescence and harmonic signals excited by multiple photons. At high photon flux, two or three photons can be absorbed simultaneously and the sum energy is sufficient to put the molecule in the excited state; then, the emitted two- or three-photon-excited fluorescence is measured. Pulsed fs lasers are usually used for this purpose.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Nutritional Supplements for Management of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that causes difficulty while socializing and communicating and the performance of stereotyped behavior. ASD is thought to have a variety of causes when accompanied by genetic disorders and environmental variables together, resulting in abnormalities in the brain. To manage the symptoms of ASD pharmacological interventions are available but long term use show adverse effect on body so, non-pharmacological interventions like different diets or supplements can be used to manage the symptoms without adverse effect. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Resistome, Mobilome and Nichome
There are three concepts linked to the growing resistance to antibiotics, namely (i) the Resistome, which refers to the collection of bacterial genes that confer resistance to antibiotics, (ii) the Mobilome, which includes all the mobile genetic elements that participate in the spreading of antibiotic resistance among bacteria by horizontal gene transfer processes, and (iii) the Nichome, which refers to the set of genes that are expressed when bacteria try to colonize new niches. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Network Connectivity and Accessibility in Airport Regions
One of the keys to the transformation of a region is the expansion of transportation networks. Airports will continue to develop as significant growth centres. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Next-Generation Sequencing: Bioinputs for Agriculture Innovation
Bioinputs, a sustainable and potent alternative to chemical products used in agriculture, find a position of radical change with the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. These bioinputs, derived from microorganisms, assure the reduction of environmental impact and are able to increase food production. However, proper bioinput development will require the identification of these microorganisms at a level of detail, thereby ensuring a standardized approach. The assessment of potential risks to these microorganisms is thus critical for the safety and efficacy in use, while global collaboration can enable the establishment of standards to be adopted universally.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Encyclopedia MDPI
The Encyclopedia is a scholarly project initiated by MDPI in 2018, leveraging the power of knowledge and innovation. Its goal is to showcase the latest research findings and provide reliable information for both researchers and the general public seeking accurate and advanced insights on specific topics. The Encyclopedia project comprises three main components: the Encyclopedia platform, the Encyclopedia Journal, and the Encyclopedia Book. The Encyclopedia platform welcomes videos, entries, and images. Authors of high-quality written entries on the platform may be encouraged to submit their work to the journal for peer review and publication, and related entries may be compiled into a Encyclopedia book.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jan 2025
Topic Review
Cytokines and Growth Factors in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most prominent neurodegenerative diseases, which impairs cognitive function in afflicted individuals. AD results in gradual decay of neuronal function as a consequence of diverse degenerating events. Several neuroimmune players (such as cytokines and growth factors that are key players in maintaining CNS homeostasis) turn aberrant during crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immunities. This aberrance underlies neuroinflammation and drives neuronal cells toward apoptotic decline. Neuroinflammation involves microglial activation and has been shown to exacerbate AD. Cytokines are non-structural proteins within the molecular weight range of 8000–40,000 Da. They can be described as inflammatory peptides aiding the immune defense response. The majority of nucleated cells are capable of synthesizing cytokines but they are predominantly produced by macrophages/microglia and lymphocytes.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticle-Guided Brain Drug Delivery in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent a heterogeneous group of aging-related disorders featured by progressive impairment of motor and/or cognitive functions, often accompanied by psychiatric disorders. NDs are denoted as ‘protein misfolding’ diseases or proteinopathies, and are classified according to their known genetic mechanisms and/or the main protein involved in disease onset and progression. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
The Mutant p53 Secretome
p53 suppresses tumorigenesis by activating a plethora of effector pathways. While most of these operate primarily inside of cells to limit proliferation and survival of incipient cancer cells, many extend to the extracellular space. In particular, p53 controls expression and secretion of numerous extracellular factors that are either soluble or contained within extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. As part of the cellular secretome, they execute key roles in cell-cell communication and extracellular matrix remodeling. Mutations in the p53-encoding TP53 gene are the most frequent genetic alterations in cancer cells, and therefore, have profound impact on the composition of the tumor cell secretome.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Trends and Challenges in the Indian Steel Industry
India is the 4th largest iron ore producer and the 3rd largest coal producer in the world. Coal is also identified as one of the major sectors of “Make in India”, which is an initiative by the Government of India launched by the prime minister. India is also the world’s largest producer of sponge iron: about 37 million tons per annum. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Bioburden in Indoor Environments
The exposure to particles and bioaerosols has been associated with the increase in health e ects in children. The objective of this study was to assess the indoor exposure to bioburden in the indoor microenvironments more frequented by children. Air particulate matter (PM) and settled dust were sampled in 33 dwellings and four schools with a medium volume sampler and with a passive method using electrostatic dust collectors (EDC), respectively. Settled dust collected by EDC was analyzed by culture-based methods (including azole resistance profile) and using qPCR.Results showed that the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in classrooms were higher than in homes and highly exceeded the limit values established by the Portuguese legislation for indoor air quality. The fungal species most commonly found in bedrooms was Penicillium sp. (91.79%), whereas, in living rooms, it was Rhizopus sp. (37.95%). Aspergillus sections with toxigenic potential were found in bedrooms and living rooms and were able to grow on VOR. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Resveratrol on the Cardiovascular Health
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is closely related to chronic kidney disease (CKD), and patients with CKD have a high risk of CVD-related mortality. Traditional CVD risk factors cannot account for the higher cardiovascular risk of patients with CKD, and standard CVD interventions cannot reduce the mortality rates among patients with CKD. Nontraditional factors related to mineral and vitamin-D metabolic disorders provide some explanation for the increased CVD risk. Non-dialyzable toxins, indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresol sulfate (PCS)—produced in the liver by colonic microorganisms—cause kidney and vascular dysfunction. Plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)—a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary L-carnitine and choline—is elevated in CKD and related to vascular disease, resulting in poorer long-term survival. Therefore, the modulation of colonic flora can improve prospects for patients with CKD. Managing metabolic syndrome, anemia, and abnormal mineral metabolism is recommended for the prevention of CVD in patients with CKD. Considering nontraditional risk factors, the use of resveratrol (RSV), a nutraceutical, can be helpful for patients with CVD and CKD. Resveratrol is a possible therapeutic option for patients with CKD with or without CVD. In this regard, RSV can influence the traditional and nontraditional CVD risk factors and alleviate the effects of uremic toxins in patients with CKD.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Archaeal DNA Repair
DNA repair is essential across all organisms to maintain levels genomic stability suitable for life. Archaea often thrive in environmental extremes, enduring levels of heat, pressure, salinity, pH, and radiation that prove intolerable to most life. Many environmental extremes raise the propensity for DNA damaging events and thus, impact DNA stability, placing greater reliance on molecular mechanisms that recognize DNA damage and initiate accurate repair. Archaea can presumably prosper in harsh and DNA-damaging environments in part due to robust DNA repair pathways but surprisingly, no DNA repair pathways unique to Archaea have been described.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Nov 2020
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