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Topic Review
DNA Methyltransferases
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that living beings have used in different environments. The MTases family catalyzes DNA methylation. This process is conserved from archaea to eukaryotes, from fertilization to every stage of development, and from the early stages of cancer to metastasis. The family of DNMTs has been classified into DNMT1, DNMT2, and DNMT3. Each DNMT has been duplicated or deleted, having consequences on DNMT structure and cellular function, resulting in a conserved evolutionary reaction of DNA methylation. DNMTs are conserved in the five kingdoms of life: bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. 
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Ambrose Channel Pilot Cable
The Ambrose Channel pilot cable, also called the Ambrose Channel leader cable, was a cable laid in Ambrose Channel at the entrance to the Port of New York and New Jersey that provided an audio tone for guiding ships in and out of port at times of low visibility. The cable was laid during 1919 and 1920; it had been removed from the channel and replaced by wireless technology by the end of the 1920s.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Biochemical and Physiological Application of Pterin Photochemistry
Pterins are low-molecular weight heterocyclic compounds widely distributed in living organisms, primarily as reduced coenzymes. Structurally, pterins are a conjugated system of pyrazine and pyrimidine rings, the so-called pteridine, which is accompanied by a carbonyl group (C=O) at the C4 position and an amino group (NH2) at the C2 position. The pteridine structure is also characteristic of folates (folic acid and its derivatives) and flavins, or benzopteridines, which are derivatives of isoalloxazine. Folates are usually called “conjugated pterins” since they possess a para-aminobenzoilglutamine residue, whereas pterins are called “unconjugated pterins”. In addition to pterin, folates include a para-aminobenzoic acid (p-ABA) residue and one to five glutamic acid (Glu) residues.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Structure Character and Mechanism of PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras
The PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) is an innovative technique for the selective degradation of target proteins via the ubiquitin–proteasome system. Compared with traditional protein inhibitor drugs, PROTACs exhibit advantages in the efficacy and selectivity of and in overcoming drug resistance in cancer therapy, providing new insights into the discovery of anti-cancer drugs.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Skin-Derived ABCB5+ Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Inflammatory Diseases
The ATP-binding cassette superfamily member ABCB5 identifies a subset of skin-resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that exhibit potent immunomodulatory and wound healing-promoting capacities along with superior homing ability. The ABCB5+ MSCs can be easily accessed from discarded skin samples, expanded, and delivered as a highly homogenous medicinal product with standardized potency.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Face Coverings
The filtration function provided by fabric face coverings is not necessarily based upon sieving out larger particles that attempt to pass through to the other side of the fibrous assembly, rather, it is delineated by aerodynamic, electrostatic, and molecular interactions. Therefore, textile-based face coverings use various means to offer protection against the virions riding atop respiratory droplets from reaching the respiratory tract.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2
Coronaviruses are single-stranded positive-sense RNA (+ssRNA) viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family. Their genome encodes replicase/transcriptase proteins, structural proteins and a set of non-structural proteins linked to their virulence and proofreading activities of the replicase complex. 
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Protein Corona
The prolific applicability of nanomaterials has made them a common citizen in biological systems, where they interact with proteins forming a biological corona complex. 
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in the Intestinal Epithelial Cell Membrane
Intestinal epithelial cells are the most abundant epithelial cells in the intestine, accounting for 90–95% of intestinal cells. They are columnar cells with hair-like projections called microvilli on the apical membrane, which greatly increase the surface area available for absorption. The transintestinal cell pathway refers to the process in which nanoparticles pass through apical and basolateral membranes via intercellular transport and then discharge from the basement membrane to the extracellular space. The entire process can be divided into three stages: the uptake of nanoparticles in the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, the transport of endosomes in the cytoplasm and the exocytosis of nanoparticles in the basement membrane.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in Scavenging the Free Radicals
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a significant role in the survival and decline of various biological systems. In liver-related metabolic disorders such as steatohepatitis, ROS can act as both a cause and a consequence. Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are two distinct types of steatohepatitis. There has been growing interest in using medications that target ROS formation and reduce ROS levels as a therapeutic approach for oxidative stress-related liver disorders. Mammalian systems have developed various antioxidant defenses to protect against excessive ROS generation. These defenses modulate ROS through a series of reactions, limiting their potential impact. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori
Despite the declining trend of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) prevalence around the globe, ongoing efforts are still needed to optimize current and future regimens in view of the increasing antibiotic resistance. The resistance of H. pylori to different antibiotics is caused by different molecular mechanisms, and advancements in sequencing technology have come a far way in broadening our understanding and in facilitating the testing of antibiotic susceptibility to H. pylori.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Molecularly Imprinted Polydopamine in Sensing Applications
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic receptors that mimic the specificity of biological antibody–antigen interactions. By using a “lock and key” process, MIPs selectively bind to target molecules that were used as templates during polymerization. While MIPs are typically prepared using conventional monomers, such as methacrylic acid and acrylamide, contemporary advancements have pivoted towards the functional potential of dopamine as a novel monomer. The overreaching goal of the proposed review is to fully unlock the potential of molecularly imprinted polydopamine (MIPda) within the realm of cutting-edge sensing applications. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Thyroid Storm Complicated with Myocardial Involvement and Shock
Thyroid storm (TS) is a rare and fatal endocrine emergency that occurs due to undiagnosed and inadequately treated hyperthyroidism after stressful conditions in patients with thyroid disorders. The myocardial involvement in terms of injury, dysrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, failure, and cardiogenic shock (CS) during TS and the modalities of treatment and their efficiency, including pharmacological, mechanical, and surgical options are explored.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Toxicities of AFB1 and FB1 In Vitro
Mycotoxins stand out as some of the most threatening natural contaminants in food. Among these, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are prominent fungal metabolites, representing significant food safety risks due to their widespread co-occurrence in various food commodities and their profound toxic effects on humans.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Applied to Variable Renewable Energy Systems
The development directions of artificial intelligence (AI) for variable renewable energy (VRE) are of paramount importance in navigating the challenges and optimizing the utilization of renewable energy sources. As the global energy landscape undergoes a transformative shift towards increased reliance on VRE, AI offers strategic avenues to enhance the efficiency, dependability, and eco-sustainability of these systems. The integration of AI methodologies in VRE management addresses complexities related to data quality, model transparency, and system optimization. The burgeoning digitalization of energy supplies, coupled with the dynamic nature of VRE, necessitates innovative solutions to harness the full potential of renewable sources. AI has the potential to contribute significantly to overcoming inherent challenges, not only paving the way for improved energy forecasting, distribution, and system control but also through fostering a more sustainable and resilient energy paradigm in line with the demands of a rapidly evolving global climate and energy landscape.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Generative AI for Higher Education
ChatGPT is revolutionizing the field of higher education by leveraging deep learning models to generate human-like content. However, its integration into academic settings raises concerns regarding academic integrity, plagiarism detection, and the potential impact on critical thinking skills. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Salp Swarm Algorithm
The Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) is a bio-inspired metaheuristic optimization technique that mimics the collective behavior of Salp chains hunting for food in the ocean. While it demonstrates competitive performance on benchmark problems, the SSA faces challenges with slow convergence and getting trapped in local optima like many population-based algorithms. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
German Interracial Marriage Debate (1912)
thumb|right|German colonies in Africa, 1884–1919. German Pacific colonies not shown The May 1912 Reichstag debate on interracial marriage was the most significant and explicit discussion of (colonial) racial biopolitics on a national level in the German Empire before World War I. It served as a preparation for the legal regulation of such marriages in the German colonial empire and of the status of children from such unions. It is evidence of the racial-political ideas of German political parties at the time and also of the precursors of the more aggressive racism of the interwar period. The debate can be seen as part of an international tendency at the time to strengthen the barriers between the colonisers and the colonised.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Beta Cell Therapies
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by insulin deficiency, generally resulting from progressive autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells. While the phenomenon of beta cell autoimmunity continues to be an active area of investigation, recent evidence suggests that beta cell stress responses are also important contributors to disease onset.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
PHT1-5 in Allotetraploid Brassica Napus
Phosphate (Pi) transporters play critical roles in Pi acquisition and homeostasis. However, currently little is known about these genes in oil crops. In this study, we aimed to characterize the five Pi transporter gene families (PHT1-5) in allotetraploid Brassica napus. We identified and characterized 81 putative PHT genes in B. napus (BnaPHTs), including 45 genes in PHT1 family (BnaPHT1s), four BnaPHT2s, 10 BnaPHT3s, 13 BnaPHT4s and nine BnaPHT5s. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the largest PHT1 family could be divided into two groups (Group I and II), while PHT4 may be classified into five, Groups I-V. Gene structure analysis revealed that the exon-intron pattern was conservative within the same family or group. The sequence characteristics of these five families were quite different, which may contribute to their functional divergence. Transcription factor (TF) binding network analyses identified many potential TF binding sites in the promoter regions of candidates, implying their possible regulating patterns. Collinearity analysis demonstrated that most BnaPHTs were derived from an allopolyploidization event (~40.7%) between Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea ancestors, and small-scale segmental duplication events (~39.5%) in the descendant. RNA-Seq analyses proved that many BnaPHTs were preferentially expressed in leaf and flower tissues. The expression profiles of most colinearity-pairs in B. napus are highly correlated, implying functional redundancy, while a few pairs may have undergone neo-functionalization or sub-functionalization during evolution. The expression levels of many BnaPHTs tend to be up-regulated by diifferent hormones inductions, especially for IAA, ABA and 6-BA treatments. qRT-PCR assay demonstrated that six BnaPHT1s (BnaPHT1.11, BnaPHT1.14, BnaPHT1.20, BnaPHT1.35, BnaPHT1.41, BnaPHT1.44) were significantly up-regulated under low- and/or rich- Pi conditions in B. napus roots. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
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