Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Nutrients and Their Impact on Cognition
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, with the risk of developing it attributed to non-modifiable and modifiable factors. A plant-based diet may protect against cognitive decline, due to the effects of plant-based nutrients such as vitamins, antioxidants, and fiber.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Sandwich Hybridization Assay for HABs Detection and Monitoring
As cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom (cHAB) events increase in scale, severity, frequency, and duration around the world, rapid and accurate monitoring and characterization tools have become critically essential for regulatory and management decision-making. The composition of cHAB-forming cyanobacteria community can change significantly over time and space and be altered by sample preservation and transportation, making in situ monitoring necessary to obtain real-time and localized information. Sandwich hybridization assay (SHA) utilizes capture oligonucleotide probes for sensitive detection of target-specific nucleic acid sequences. As an amplification-free molecular biology technology, SHA can be adapted for in-situ, real-time or near real-time detection and qualitatively or semi-quantitatively monitoring of cHAB-forming cyanobacteria, owing to its characteristics such as being rapid, portable, inexpensive, and amenable to automation, high sensitivity, specificity and robustness, and multiplexing (i.e., detecting multiple targets simultaneously). Despite its successful application in the monitoring of marine and freshwater phytoplankton, there is still room for improvement. The ability to identify a cHAB community rapidly would decrease delays in cyanotoxin analyses, reduce costs, and increase sample throughput, allowing for timely actions to improve environmental and human health and the understanding of short- and long-term bloom dynamics. Real-time detection and quantitation of HAB-forming cyanobacteria is essential for improving environmental and public health and reducing associated costs.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Oncolytic Adenoviruses and AdAPT-001
Adenoviruses are nonenveloped double-stranded DNA viruses with about a 38-kb genome that most commonly cause respiratory symptoms. Adenoviruses are lytic to human cells, but not oncogenic due to lack of host genome integration.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Smiles Arbitrary Target Specification
SMiles ARbitrary Target Specification (SMARTS) is a language for specifying substructural patterns in molecules. The SMARTS line notation is expressive and allows extremely precise and transparent substructural specification and atom typing. SMARTS is related to the SMILES line notation that is used to encode molecular structures and like SMILES was originally developed by David Weininger and colleagues at Daylight Chemical Information Systems. The most comprehensive descriptions of the SMARTS language can be found in Daylight's SMARTS theory manual, tutorial and examples. OpenEye Scientific Software has developed their own version of SMARTS which differs from the original Daylight version in how the R descriptor (see cyclicity below) is defined. The standard may require updates to accommodate for new the elements named in 2016.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
CVF (File Format)
DriveSpace (initially known as DoubleSpace) is a disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS starting from version 6.0 in 1993 and ending in 2000 with the release of Windows Me. The purpose of DriveSpace is to increase the amount of data the user could store on disks by transparently compressing and decompressing data on-the-fly. It is primarily intended for use with hard drives, but use for floppy disks is also supported. This feature was removed in Windows XP and later.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Application of Nanoparticles in Immunotherapy
Natural killer（NK） cells are a part of the native immune response to cancer. NK cell-based immunotherapies are an emerging strategy to kill tumor cells. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Skin Health Promoting Effects of Natural Polysaccharides
Skincare is one of the most profitable product categories today. Consumers’ demand for skin-friendly products has stimulated the development of natural-ingredient-based cosmeceutical preparations over synthetic chemicals. Thus, natural polysaccharides have gained much attention since the promising potent efficacy in wound healing, moisturizing, antiaging, and whitening. The challenge is to raise awareness of polysaccharides with excellent bioactivities from natural sources and consequently incorporate them in novel and safer cosmetics. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Flame Synthesis of Carbon and Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles
Carbon and metal-oxide nanoparticles (NP) are synthesized worldwide for various applications in the solar-energy, optical, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries, among many others. Gas phase methods comprise flame synthesis and flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), which provide high efficiency, low cost, and the possibility of large-scale applications. The variation of combustion operation parameters exerts significant effects on the properties of the NPs. An analysis of the latest research results relevant to NP flame synthesis can provide new insight into the optimization of these methods and the development of these techniques for a large scale. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis
Nitric oxide (NO), a colorless gaseous molecule, is a lipophilic free radical that easily diffuses through the plasma membrane. These characteristics make NO an ideal autocrine (i.e., within a single cell) and paracrine (i.e., between adjacent cells) signalling molecule. As a chemical messenger, NO plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, NO interacts with reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, melatonin, and hydrogen sulfide. It regulates gene expression, modulates phytohormones, and contributes to plant growth and defense mechanisms. In plants, NO is mainly produced via redox pathways. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Bone Repair
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has 37 amino acids. Initially, CGRP had vasodilatory and nociceptive effects. As research progressed, evidence revealed that the peripheral nervous system is closely associated with bone metabolism, osteogenesis, and bone remodeling. Thus, CGRP is the bridge between the nervous system and the skeletal muscle system. CGRP can promote osteogenesis, inhibit bone resorption, promote vascular growth, and regulate the immune microenvironment. The G protein-coupled pathway is vital for its effects, while MAPK, Hippo, NF-κB, and other pathways have signal crosstalk, affecting cell proliferation and differentiation. 
  • 1.1K
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
An Enneagram Approach to Strategy
The enneagram strategy is a structural typology that many organisations and individuals use to effectively understand their business profiles and interpersonal patterns, despite scholars showing concerns about its robustness and dynamism.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Ship Machinery Reliability
Redundancy in ship systems is provided to ensure operational resilience through equipment backups, which ensure system availability and offline repairs of machinery. The electric power generation system of ships provides the most utility of all systems; hence, it is provided with a good level of standby units to ensure reliable operations.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Children Resist Repeated Leading Questions and Social Pressures
In forensic contexts, children who are victims or witnesses of crimes are repeatedly questioned using stressful leading questions and social pressure. Younger children maintain a stable suggestive vulnerability and constant use of the same strategies to cope with cognitive and social risk factors of interrogative suggestibility, while older children could reduce their levels of yield and use more resistant responses that defer to greater source monitoring and less adherence to external expectations. Children, when exposed to repeated suggestive interviews, may learn to cope with more cognitive aspects of misleading questions while being less able to handle social–emotional pressures.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cloud-Point Extraction
The production of food biomass waste has been increasing rapidly. This necessitates urgent measures to be taken so as to utilize them. Since most food biomass waste contains useful bioactive substances, cloud-point extraction (CPE) has emerged as a promising solution to valorize waste. CPE is an extraction method employed for the extraction and preconcentration of various chemical compounds, including polyphenols and flavonoids.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Network Traffic Prediction in Digital Twin Network
Due to the spread of realistic services such as virtual reality/augmented reality, hologram content, and metaverse, communication networks are becoming more complex, and network management is becoming more complex accordingly. Digital twin network technology, which applies digital twin technology to the communications network field, is predicted to be an effective means of managing complex modern networks.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Mesoporous Carbon in PEMFC Catalysts
Developing durable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts is essential to step up the large-scale applications of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Traditional ORR electrocatalysts provide satisfactory activity, yet their poor durability limits the long-term applications of PEMFCs. Porous carbon used as catalyst support in Pt/C is vulnerable to oxidation under high potential conditions, leading to Pt nanoparticle dissolution and carbon corrosion.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
The Sustainable Consumption
Sustainable consumption (SC) is the concept surrounding the use of products and services with minimal impact on environmental safeguarding resources for current and future generations.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Current Landscape of Sonodynamic Therapy for Treating Cancer
Recently, ultrasound has advanced in its treatment opportunities. One example is sonodynamic therapy, a minimally invasive anti-cancer therapy involving a chemical sonosensitizer and focused ultrasound. The combination of the ultrasound and chemical sonosensitizer amplifies the drug’s ability to target cancer cells. Combining multiple chemical sonosensitizers with ultrasound can create a synergistic effect that could effectively disrupt tumorigenic growth, induce cell death, and elicit an immune response. 
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Neural Networks Analyze Plant
In the course of evolution plant organisms have developed several mechanisms preventing or repairing cell damage incurred as a result of exposure to various factors. In response to increasing threats plants have developed antioxidative defense mechanisms: enzymatic and non-enzymatic. The enzymatic mechanism is based on antioxidative enzymes, while the non-enzymatic system is based on low-molecular antioxidants: ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, glutathione, carotenoids, phenolic compounds. A significant abiotic stressor inseparably connected with the potential development of fungal diseases Ear Fusarium is caused by strains of F.graminearum and F.culmorum, which can produce mycotoxins - deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV). The aim of the study was to conduct pilot studies on the basis of which neural models were created that would examine the impact of the variety and weather conditions on the concentration of ferulic acid and link its content with the concentration of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. The plant material was 23 winter wheat genotypes with different Fusarium resistance. Field experiment was conducted in 2011-2013 in Poland in three experimental combinations: with full chemical protection, without chemical protection, but infested with natural disease (control), and in the absence of fungicidal protection, with artificial inoculation by genus Fusarium fungi. As a result of the pilot studies, three neural models FERUANN, DONANN and NIVANN were produced. Each model was based on 14 independent features, 12 independent features of which were in the form of quantitative data, and the other 2 were presented as qualitative data. The structure of created models was based on an artificial neural network (ANN) of the multilayer perceptron (MLP) with two hidden layers. The sensitivity analysis of the neural network showed the two most important features determining the concentration of ferulic acid, deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in winter wheat seeds. These are the experiment variant (VAR) and winter wheat variety (VOW).
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Devices Manipulating Eating Rate
Eating rate, as well as food texture and habitual characteristics, are considered important factors that affect an individual’s food intake. A novel way of manipulating eating rate and thereby potentially decreasing energy intake is via the use of specially made devices and cutlery. The aforementioned slow eating rate by decreasing oral volume and bite size, by modifying their shape (vibrating or deflating) when eating rate is accelerated or by special recordings of eating events and eating speed and then training the subject to modify them.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Nov 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 2729
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback