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Topic Review
Radeon HD 7000 Series
The Radeon HD 7000 Series, based on "Southern Islands", is further products series in the family of Radeon GPUs developed by AMD. AMD builds Southern Islands series graphics chips based on the 28 nm manufacturing process at TSMC. The primary competitor of Southern Islands, Nvidia's GeForce 600 Series (also manufactured at TSMC), also shipped during Q1 2012, largely due to the immaturity of the 28 nm process.
  • 4.8K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis of Piperazines by C-H Functionalization
Piperazine ranks as the third most common nitrogen heterocycle in drug discovery, and it is the key component of several blockbuster drugs, such as Imatinib (also marketed as Gleevec) or Sildenafil, sold as Viagra. 
  • 4.8K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Contraindications to Initiation of ECMO
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly used for acute respiratory failure with few absolute but many relative contraindications. The contraindications to the initiation of ECMO therapy are not uniformly agreed upon, and each center, as well as each provider involved in the indication for the initiation of ECMO, weights them differently. Whereas absolute contraindications immediately discourage ECMO therapy, relative contraindications should trigger a very thorough consideration of this option. Although relative contraindications should not per se exclude patients from a life-saving procedure such as ECMO, their concurrence may lead to the decision to forgo this procedure. When relative contraindications add up, they might accumulate to a point where they (should) be considered absolute contraindications.
  • 4.8K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Maze Solving Algorithm
There are a number of different maze solving algorithms, that is, automated methods for the solving of mazes. The random mouse, wall follower, Pledge, and Trémaux's algorithms are designed to be used inside the maze by a traveler with no prior knowledge of the maze, whereas the dead-end filling and shortest path algorithms are designed to be used by a person or computer program that can see the whole maze at once. Mazes containing no loops are known as "simply connected", or "perfect" mazes, and are equivalent to a tree in graph theory. Thus many maze solving algorithms are closely related to graph theory. Intuitively, if one pulled and stretched out the paths in the maze in the proper way, the result could be made to resemble a tree.
  • 4.8K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
History of Human Movement Studies
Knowing the genesis of ideas is important to understand why we are studying a topic. This topic review is an historical excursus about the origin of movement studies, following the ideas of Aristotle until positivism. The main ideas at the origin of biomechanical studies are historically reviewed, with special focus on the enlightment era. Key figures at the origin of movement studies were presented, together with the main ideas they introduced, most of which are still at the basis of modern research in the field of biomechanics. The entry can be of interest for all professionals working in the field of human and animal movement studies.
  • 4.8K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Helichrysum arenarium
Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench, belonging to the Asteraceae family, is known in traditional medicine for its diuretic, choleretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Helichrysum arenarium (sandy everlasting) is a source of active pharmacological compounds used in complementary medicine to prevent digestive and hepatobiliary illnesses. 
  • 4.8K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mnemonic
A mnemonic (/nəˈmɒnɪk/) device, or memory device, is any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval (remembering) in the human memory for better understanding. Mnemonics make use of elaborative encoding, retrieval cues, and imagery as specific tools to encode information in a way that allows for efficient storage and retrieval. Mnemonics aid original information in becoming associated with something more accessible or meaningful—which, in turn, provides better retention of the information. Commonly encountered mnemonics are often used for lists and in auditory form, such as short poems, acronyms, initialisms, or memorable phrases, but mnemonics can also be used for other types of information and in visual or kinesthetic forms. Their use is based on the observation that the human mind more easily remembers spatial, personal, surprising, physical, sexual, humorous, or otherwise "relatable" information, rather than more abstract or impersonal forms of information. The word "mnemonic" is derived from the Ancient Greek word μνημονικός (mnēmonikos), meaning 'of memory' or 'relating to memory' and is related to Mnemosyne ("remembrance"), the name of the goddess of memory in Greek mythology. Both of these words are derived from μνήμη (mnēmē), 'remembrance, memory'. Mnemonics in antiquity were most often considered in the context of what is today known as the art of memory. Ancient Greeks and Romans distinguished between two types of memory: the "natural" memory and the "artificial" memory. The former is inborn, and is the one that everyone uses instinctively. The latter in contrast has to be trained and developed through the learning and practice of a variety of mnemonic techniques. Mnemonic systems are techniques or strategies consciously used to improve memory. They help use information already stored in long-term memory to make memorization an easier task.
  • 4.8K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Layer-Scale Transfer Techniques
Layer transfer is a technique to transfer a layer of a particular semiconductor material, often of a wafer-scale size, from the original substrate to the target substrate of interest.
  • 4.8K
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Economic Complexity
Economic complexity, which links the productive structure of a country with its knowledge, labour, and sophistication, seems to raise new challenges for the environment’s preservation and quality. The relationship between economic complexity and the environment is multi-faced and creates unimagined challenges for humanity in its path toward social and economic progress. 
  • 4.8K
  • 22 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Stress
Stress, either physiological, biological or psychological, is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition. Stress is the body's method of reacting to a condition such as a threat, challenge or physical and psychological barrier. There are two hormones that an individual produces during a stressful situation, these are well known as adrenaline and cortisol. Stimuli that alter an organism's environment are responded to by multiple systems in the body. In humans and most mammals, the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are the two major systems that respond to stress. The sympathoadrenal medullary (SAM) axis may activate the fight-or-flight response through the sympathetic nervous system, which dedicates energy to more relevant bodily systems to acute adaptation to stress, while the parasympathetic nervous system returadrenaliney to homeostasis. The second major physiological stress-response center, the HPA axis, regulates the release of cortisol, which influences many bodily functions such as metabolic, psychological and immunological functions. The SAM and HPA axes are regulated by several brain regions, including the limbic system, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and stria terminalis. Through these mechanisms, stress can alter memory functions, reward, immune function, metabolism and susceptibility to diseases. Disease risk is particularly pertinent to mental illnesses, whereby chronic or severe stress remains a common risk factor for several mental illnesses. One system suggests there are five types of stress labeled "acute time-limited stressors", "brief naturalistic stressors", "stressful event sequences", "chronic stressors", and "distant stressors". An acute time-limited stressor involves a short-term challenge, while a brief natural stressor involves an event that is normal but nevertheless challenging. A stressful event sequence is a stressor that occurs, and then continues to yield stress into the immediate future. A chronic stressor involves exposure to a long-term stressor, and a distant stressor is a stressor that is not immediate.
  • 4.8K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Plant Promoters
One of the strategies to overcome diseases or abiotic stress in crops is the use of improved varieties. Genetic improvement could be accomplished through different methods, including conventional breeding, induced mutation, genetic transformation, or gene editing. The gene function and regulated expression through promoters are necessary for transgenic crops to improve specific traits. The variety of promoter sequences has increased in the generation of genetically modified crops because they could lead to the expression of the gene responsible for the improved trait in a specific manner.
  • 4.8K
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Hazrat Ishaan (Title)
Hazrat Ishaan (Persian: حضرت ایشان‎; also transliterated as Hazrat Ishaan and Hasrat Eshan) is a saintly title held by the Imamiya-Ridhawiya-Qadiriya-Naqshbandiyya Emir of Prophet Muhamamd´s Family, who simultaneously is believed to represent the 12th Imam as the hereditary spiritual and political supreme leader of the Naqshbandi Sufi Order. The title Hazrat Ishaans is used since the 16th century beginning with the advent of the saint and aristocrat Khwaja Khawand Mahmud. The Hazrat Ishaans claim descent from Muhammad, last prophet of Islam, through Hasan al Askari, Sayyid Abdul Qadir Gilani and Bahauddin Naqshband.
  • 4.8K
  • 30 Jun 2024
Topic Review
An Informative Lithium-Ion Battery Datasheet
Lithium-ion battery datasheets, also known as specification sheets, are documents that battery manufacturers provide to define the battery’s function, operational limit, performance, reliability, safety, cautions, prohibitions, and warranty. A datasheet lists information about the product for both informational and advertising purposes. Product manufacturers and customers rely on the datasheets for battery selection and battery management. 
  • 4.8K
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Catholic Teachings on Heresy
In the Roman Catholic Church, heresy has a very specific meaning. There are four elements which constitute formal heresy; a valid Christian baptism; a profession of still being a Christian; outright denial or positive doubt regarding a truth that the Catholic Church regards as revealed by God; and lastly, the disbelief must be morally culpable, that is, there must be a refusal to accept what is known to be a doctrinal imperative. Therefore, to become a heretic in the strict canonical sense and be excommunicated, one must deny or question a truth that is taught as the word of God, and at the same time recognize one's obligation to believe it. If the person is believed to have acted in good faith, as one might out of ignorance, then the heresy is only material and implies neither guilt nor sin against faith.
  • 4.8K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Soil Desalination
Salinity is a major threat that reduces the capacity of all types of terrestrial ecosystems to provide services by threatening biodiversity, lowering agriculture production, degrading the environment, contaminating groundwater below standard levels, increasing flood risks, creating food security concerns, and limiting a community’s economic growth.
  • 4.8K
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Industrie 4.0 in Germany
German government has recognized the need for a strategic development of Industrie 4.0 for the next decade. It set the ambitious goal in its Industrial Strategy 2030 of increasing the share of German industry in gross value added in the economy to 25% by 2030—an increase of five percentage points. Industrie 4.0 promises to be an important driver in this regard, with its target vision of the AI-driven smart factory and digital, platform-based business models. To leverage the potential of Industrie 4.0 in view of the economic, ecological, and geopolitical challenges of our time, and to follow a holistic approach for creating open digital ecosystems, strategic focus in Germany is set on three areas: sovereignty, interoperability, and sustainability.
  • 4.8K
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Trends of Motor Characteristics
It is important to comprehensively evaluate which type of motor is most suitable when designing mechanical systems. This paper presents the results of a survey of the performance of electric and hydraulic servo motors which are commonly used in many mechanical systems and aims to provide quantitative data that can be used as a reference for selecting appropriate motors. We collected data on the characteristics of electric and hydraulic motors and compared and evaluated the characteristics of these servo motors using indexes such as torque, rotating speed, output power, power density, and power rate.
  • 4.8K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Privacy Concerns with Facebook
Meta Platforms Inc., or Meta for short, (formerly known as Facebook) has faced a number of privacy concerns. These stem partly from the company’s revenue model that involves selling information collected about its users for many things including advertisement targeting. Meta Platforms Inc. has also been a part of many data breaches that have occurred within the company. These issues and others are further described including user data concerns, vulnerabilities in the company’s platform, investigations by pressure groups and government agencies, and even issues with students. In addition, employers and other organizations/individuals have been known to use Meta Platforms Inc. for their own purposes. As a result, individuals’ identities and private information have sometimes been compromised without their permission. In response to these growing privacy concerns, some pressure groups and government agencies have increasingly asserted the users’ right to privacy and to be able to control their personal data.
  • 4.8K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Double-sided lapping
Double-sided lapping is an ultra-precision manufacturing process used for fabricating wafers, thin substrates, metal slice parts, etc. to achieve high surface integrity, flatness and parallelism. It can be divided into double-sided lapping with loose abrasives and fixed abrasives.
  • 4.8K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Maize Breeding
Maize or corn (Zea mays L.), a plant species particularly generous in its production potential and in its wide diversity of uses, is fundamental for the development of a modern and efficient agriculture. Globally, maize ranks third in area and first in production, ahead of wheat and rice. Due to the large areas corn occupies, but especially to its yielding performance, maize is a major source of food for the world’s population. In addition to its nutritional importance for humans, corn is also basic food for animal feed and valuable raw material for industrial processing. The importance of corn for human health results from the fact that it is a food rich in nutrients, especially energy of 355 kcal per 100 g flour with 15% moisture, compared to 352 kcal for wheat flour, 348 kcal for rye flour, and 346 kcal for hulled barley. As food, maize also has some shortcomings, of which that the low amount of some essential amino acids was noted, such as lysine and tryptophan. Maize is also a valuable raw material for industry, extracting oil, starch, alcohol, glucose, and other products such as syrup, pectin, dextrin, plastics, lactic acid, acetic acid, acetone, dyes, and synthetic rubber from its grains. Paper, cardboard, and nitrocellulose can be made from corn stalks. Every part of the maize plant has economic worth, including the grain, leaves, stalk, tassel, and cob, which can be used to make a variety of food and non-food goods. Maize breeding research has traditionally concentrated on enhancing productive potential in newly created maize varieties because this criterion ensures a crop’s economic efficiency. Nowadays, genomics tools are essential for a precise, fast, and efficient breeding of crops especially in the context of climate challenges, but also may in the future represent a way to accelerate the processes of de novo domestication of the species.
  • 4.8K
  • 24 Oct 2022
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