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Topic Review
Chemometric Tools for Beer Quality and Stability
Achieving beer quality and stability remains the main challenge for the brewing industry. Despite all the technologies available, to obtain a high-quality product, it is important to know and control every step of the beer production process. Since the process has an impact on the quality and stability of the final product, it is important to create mechanisms that help manage and monitor the beer production and aging processes. Multivariate statistical techniques (chemometrics) can be a very useful tool for this purpose, as they facilitate the extraction and interpretation of information from brewing datasets by managing the connections between different types of data with multiple variables. In addition, chemometrics could help to better understand the process and the quality of the product during its shelf life.
  • 680
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Exosomal miRNA Biosensing for Liquid Biospy
As a noninvasive detection technique, liquid biopsy plays a valuable role in cancer diagnosis, disease monitoring, and prognostic assessment. In liquid biopsies, exosomes are considered among the potential biomarkers because they are important bioinformation carriers for intercellular communication. Exosomes transport miRNAs and, thus, play an important role in the regulation of cell growth and function; therefore, detection of cancer cell-derived exosomal miRNAs (exo-miRNAs) gives effective information in liquid biopsy. 
  • 679
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks in Food Sample Preparation
Food samples such as milk, beverages, meat and chicken products, fish, etc. are complex and demanding matrices. Various novel materials such as molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs), carbon-based nanomaterials carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been recently introduced in sample preparation to improve clean up as well as to achieve better recoveries, all complying with green analytical chemistry demands. Metal-organic frameworks are hybrid organic inorganic materials, which have been used for gas storage, separation, catalysis and drug delivery. 
  • 673
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Microextraction Approaches Used to Assess Food Safety
The use of microextraction techniques to survey the presence of contaminants in the food chain is very advantageous, involving simpler and faster protocols, reduced amounts of solvents and samples, and consequently, reduced waste produced during analysis while conserving a high potential for automation. Additionally, this higher greener profile of the microextraction techniques will boost a progressive substitution of conventional extraction approaches by microextraction processes in most analytical applications, including the survey of food chain safety.
  • 664
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Organic Molecule-Based Probes for Arsenic Species
Arsenic (As), a non-metallic element located in group VA and period IV of the periodic table, is widely found in nature. Its average concentration in the Earth’s crust is approximately 2~5 mg/kg, which ranks as the 20th position of the elements forming the Earth’s crust. Trace amounts of arsenic can exist in soil, water, minerals, plants and normal human tissues. Arsenic presents in the forms of inorganic arsenic and organic arsenic, specifically As3+ and As5+. Arsenic is a toxic and carcinogenic element. Inorganic arsenic is more toxic than organic arsenic, and As3+ is around 60 times more toxic than As5+. Inorganic arsenic species mainly exist in the form of arsenate in water, such as H3AsO4, H3AsO3, H2AsO4−, H2AsO3−, AsO33− and AsO43−.
  • 661
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Microextraction-Based Methods for Determination of Sulfonamides in Milk
Sulfonamides (SAs) represent a significant category of pharmaceutical compounds due to their effective antimicrobial characteristics. SAs were the first antibiotics to be used in clinical medicine to treat a majority of diseases, since the 1900s. In the dairy farming industry, sulfa drugs are administered to prevent infection, in several countries. This increases the possibility that residual drugs could pass through milk consumption even at low levels. These traces of SAs will be detected and quantified in milk. 
  • 657
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Electroanalysis of Heavy Metal Ions
The detection of toxic heavy metal ions, especially cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), is a global problem due to ongoing pollution incidents and continuous anthropogenic and industrial activities. Therefore, it is important to develop effective detection techniques to determine the levels of pollution from heavy metal ions in various media. Electrochemical techniques, more specifically voltammetry, due to its properties, is a promising method for the simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions.
  • 651
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticle-Modified Electrodes
Nanoparticle-modified electrodes have shown promising results in the sensitive and selective electroanalytical determination of antibiotics.
  • 639
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Microextraction Techniques with Deep Eutectic Solvents
The development and application of sustainable solvents has been a hot topic in different scientific and technological areas. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), were introduced in 2001 as an alternative to ionic liquids (ILs). These showed a stronger ecofriendly profile, with easier and cheaper production, while having similar properties. DESs contain large, asymmetrical ions that have low lattice energy and, thus, low melting points. They are often acquired by the complexation of a quaternary ammonium salt with a metal salt or hydrogen bond donor (HBD).
  • 634
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction
Fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) is a novel and green sample preparation technique introduced in 2014. FPSE utilizes a natural or synthetic permeable and flexible fabric substrate chemically coated with a sol-gel organic-inorganic hybrid sorbent in the form of ultra-thin coating, which leads to a fast and sensitive micro-extraction device. The flexible FPSE requires no modification of samples and allows direct extraction of analytes. Sol-gel sorbent-coated FPSE media possesses high chemical, solvent, and thermal stability due to the strong covalent bonding between the substrate and the sol-gel sorbent.
  • 623
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Action of Tetrabromobisphenol A
Brominated flame retardants (BFR) have been extensively applied to reduce the flammability of some commercial products such as furniture, circuit boards, textiles, polystyrene foams, epoxy resins, and padding materials, because of their potency and ability to meet safety standards. These BFRs include chemicals, such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Currently, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is among the most utilized flame retardants in the industry globally, which is classified as an endocrine disruptor. Endocrine disruptors are chemical compounds which inhibit the activities of natural hormones in the body, such as secretion, binding, transport, synthesis, action, or elimination responsible for maintaining reproduction, homeostasis, behavior, or development. Numerous concerns have been raised about human exposure to these disruptors, primarily because of the assumed detrimental effect they pose to human health. Owing to the high volume of production and potential human exposures, the toxicity of TBBPA has been investigated in a number of experimental studies. Research carried out on TBBPA has revealed less than 4% of its particles in dust are respirable and less than 10 µm can be absorbed from the lungs for systemic circulation after inhalation. However, based on the physicochemical properties of TBBPA, its absorption via dermal exposure is expected to be poor. Data from an in vitro study, conducted with human skin, showed that less than 1% of the administered dose was absorbed dermally. Human samples and rat strains have been studied for the metabolism and toxicokinetic action of TBBPA, which has confirmed that TBBPA can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and rapidly eliminated after conjugation or Phase II metabolism to more water-soluble metabolites. TBBPA has low (F < 0.05) systemic bioavailability due to its extensive hepatic bio-transformation to glucuronides and sulfates, which are excreted from the liver predominantly with bile as a result of their high molecular weight. Knudsen’s group observed in their study that excretion was delayed only after a single dose of 1000 mg/kg bw, was orally administered, obviously because of the saturation of conjugation reactions. Other studies, showed that more than 95% of TBBPA administered orally is partially excreted as the parent compound and in feces it is eliminated in the form of metabolites within 3 days after a single dose with accompanying minute tissue retention or bioaccumulation, even at lower doses. ln human plasma, the expected half-life of TBBPA-glucuronide is estimated to be between 2 and 3 days.
  • 619
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Mycotoxins-Imprinted Polymers
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites of molds which can contaminate food and beverages. Because of their acute and chronic toxicity, they can have harmful effects when ingested or inhaled, posing severe risks to human health. Contemporary analytical methods have the sensitivity required for contamination detection and quantification, but the direct application of these methods on real samples is not straightforward because of matrix complexity, and clean-up and preconcentration steps are needed, more and more requiring the application of highly selective solid-phase extraction materials. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are artificial receptors mimicking the natural antibodies that are increasingly being used as a solid phase in extraction methods where selectivity towards target analytes is mandatory. Herein, the state-of-the-art about molecularly imprinted polymers as solid-phase extraction materials in mycotoxin contamination analysis will be discussed.
  • 618
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Main Chromatographic Approaches Used to Assess Food Safety
Consumers in developed and Western European countries are becoming more aware of the impact of food on their health, and they demand clear, transparent, and reliable information from the food industry about the products they consume. They recognise that food safety risks are often due to the unexpected presence of contaminants throughout the food supply chain. Among these, mycotoxins produced by food-infecting fungi, endogenous toxins from certain plants and organisms, pesticides, and other drugs used excessively during farming and food production, which lead to their contamination and accumulation in foodstuffs, are the main causes of concern. 
  • 598
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Application of μPADs in Detection of Cancer Biomarkers
Microfluidics is very crucial in lab-on-a-chip systems for carrying out operations in a large-scale laboratory environment on a single chip. Microfluidic systems are miniaturized devices in which the fluid behavior and control can be manipulated on a small platform, with surface forces on the platform being greater than volumetric forces depending on the test method used. Paper-based microfluidic analytical devices (μPADs) have been developed to be used in point-of-care (POC) technologies. μPADs have numerous advantages, including ease of use, low cost, capillary action liquid transfer without the need for power, the ability to store reagents in active form in the fiber network, and the capability to perform multiple tests using various measurement techniques. These benefits are critical in the advancement of paper-based microfluidics in the fields of disease diagnosis, drug application, and environment and food safety. Cancer is one of the most critical diseases for early detection all around the world. Detecting cancer-specific biomarkers provides significant data for both early diagnosis and controlling the disease progression. μPADs for cancer biomarker detection hold great promise for improving cure rates, quality of life, and minimizing treatment costs. 
  • 597
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Stripping Voltammetry Methods for Rare Earth Elements
Rare earth metals are used in the most dynamically developing areas of the high technology industry, such as aviation, space flights, production of mobile phones (smartphones), catalysts, high-energy magnetic materials, LCD screens, LED diodes, hybrid car engines, and new generation Ni-MH batteries. These metals are widely used in metallurgy as alloying additives to improve the properties of doped metals, permanent magnets or polishing pastes. The biological activity of lanthanum compounds has also been proven and, hence, they are used in medicine. They have also found a unique application in the production of optical filters, phosphors, dyes, fertilizers, and insulation fibers. Rare earth elements (REEs) have become indispensable in the world of technology, owing to their unusual magnetic, phosphorescent, and catalytic properties. The growing demand for these elements has resulted in these metals being included in the group of 20 critical mineral raw materials for the EU economy. The main environmental risk posed by rare earth elements is tailings, which are a mixture of small-sized particles, waste water, and floatation chemicals used in the processing stages. Most rare earth elements also consist of radioactive materials which impose the risk of radioactive dust and water emissions.
  • 587
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sensors for Dairy Food Safety Monitoring
One of the most consumed foods is milk and milk products, and guaranteeing the suitability of these products is one of the major concerns in our society. This has led to the development of numerous sensors to enhance quality controls in the food chain. However, this is not a simple task, because it is necessary to establish the parameters to be analyzed and often, not only one compound is responsible for food contamination or degradation. To attempt to address this problem, a multiplex analysis together with a non-directed (e.g., general parameters such as pH) analysis are the most relevant alternatives to identifying the safety of dairy food. In recent years, the use of new technologies in the development of devices/platforms with optical or electrochemical signals has accelerated and intensified the pursuit of systems that provide a simple, rapid, cost-effective, and/or multiparametric response to the presence of contaminants, markers of various diseases, and/or indicators of safety levels.
  • 586
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Application of Essential Oils and Terpenoid-Rich Extracts
Using food additives (e.g., preservatives, antioxidants) is one of the main methods for preserving meat and meat product quality (edible, sensory, and technological) during processing and storage. Conversely, they show negative health implications, so meat technology scientists are focusing on finding alternatives for these compounds. Terpenoid-rich extracts, including essential oils (EOs), are remarkable since they are generally marked as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) and have a wide ranging acceptance from consumers. EOs obtained by conventional or non-conventional methods possess different preservative potentials. 
  • 561
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Lipids as Biomarkers for Equine Anti-Doping
The approach to equine anti-doping is focused on the targeted detection of prohibited substances. However, as new substances are rapidly being developed, the need for complimentary methods for monitoring is crucial to ensure the integrity of the racing industry is upheld. Lipidomics is a growing field involved in the characterisation of lipids, their function and metabolism in a biological system. Different lipids have various biological effects throughout the equine system including platelet aggregation and inflammation.
  • 559
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Unpacking Phthalates from Obscurity in the Environment
Phthalates (PAEs) are a group of synthetic esters of phthalic acid compounds mostly used as plasticizers in plastic materials but are widely applied in most industries and products. As plasticizers in plastic materials, they are not chemically bound to the polymeric matrix and easily leach out. Logically, PAEs should be prevalent in the environment, but their prevalence, transport, fate, and effects have been largely unknown until recently. This has been attributed, inter alia, to a lack of standardized analytical procedures for identifying them in complex matrices.
  • 558
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Applications of QDs in ECL Biosensing
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is the chemiluminescence triggered by electrochemical reactions. Due to the unique excitation mode and inherent low background, ECL has been a powerful analytical technique to be widely used in biosensing and imaging. As an emerging ECL luminophore, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have apparent advantages over traditional molecular luminophores in terms of luminescence efficiency and signal modulation ability. Therefore, the development of an efficient ECL system with QDs as luminophores is of great significance to improve the sensitivity and detection flux of ECL biosensors. 
  • 556
  • 20 Jul 2023
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