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Fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) is a novel and green sample preparation technique introduced in 2014. FPSE utilizes a natural or synthetic permeable and flexible fabric substrate chemically coated with a sol-gel organic-inorganic hybrid sorbent in the form of ultra-thin coating, which leads to a fast and sensitive micro-extraction device. The flexible FPSE requires no modification of samples and allows direct extraction of analytes. Sol-gel sorbent-coated FPSE media possesses high chemical, solvent, and thermal stability due to the strong covalent bonding between the substrate and the sol-gel sorbent.
Analytical Technique |
Fabric Substrate |
Sol-Gel Coating |
E.T. (min) |
Elution System |
Sample |
Type of Analyte |
Analyte |
E.F. |
LOD ng/L |
LOQ ng/L |
R% |
Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental Samples |
||||||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-UV |
Cellulose |
PEG |
40 |
MeOH-ACN |
Tap-Pond-Reclaimed water |
Substituted phenols |
4-CP |
- |
30 |
- |
91.0–109.5 |
[2] |
3,5-DMP |
10 |
73.2–90.7 |
||||||||||
2,6-DCP |
40 |
19.7–40.7 |
||||||||||
2,4,6-TCP |
20 |
26.9–57.0 |
||||||||||
2,4-DIPP |
20 |
35.8–90.8 |
||||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-UV |
Cellulose |
PTHF |
25 |
MeOH |
Ground-River water, WWTP, Soil, Sludge |
Alkylphenols |
4-TBP |
- |
182 |
601 |
90.1–96.0 |
[13] |
4-SBP |
179 |
599 |
90.6–96.3 |
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4-TAP |
192 |
640 |
89.0–96.5 |
|||||||||
4-CP |
161 |
531 |
91.1–96.9 |
|||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-FLD |
Cellulose |
PTHF |
20 |
MeOH |
Ground-River-Drinking, WWTP, Hospital wastewater |
Estrogens |
BPA |
13.9 |
42 |
139 |
88.7–96.4 |
[12] |
E2 |
14.4 |
20 |
66 |
89.4–97.4 |
||||||||
EE2 |
14.7 |
36 |
119 |
89.0–98.0 |
||||||||
FPSE-UHPLC-MS/MS |
Cellulose |
PTHF |
20 |
MeOH |
WWTP, Untreated Hospital wastewater, Tap water |
Steroid hormones: Androgens Progestogens |
NORET |
- |
33.5 |
- |
79.3–95.4 |
[14] |
NOR |
1.7 |
79.5–103.5 |
||||||||||
MGA |
21.4 |
102.2–121.2 |
||||||||||
PRO |
6.9 |
79.8–96.9 |
||||||||||
BOL |
46.9 |
66.6–92.4 |
||||||||||
NAN |
50.7 |
82.2–102.4 |
||||||||||
TES |
2.2 |
75.6–91.8 |
||||||||||
DHEA |
264 |
77.6–92.7 |
||||||||||
AND |
63.6 |
70.0–98.9 |
||||||||||
ADTD |
19.4 |
65.9–97.8 |
||||||||||
FPSE-HS-GC-MS |
Fiber glass |
PDMDPS |
- |
He |
Environmental air |
Sexual pheromone |
(3E,8Z,11Z)- |
- |
1.6 μg |
5.3 μg |
- |
[15] |
tetradecatrien-1-yl |
||||||||||||
acetate |
||||||||||||
(3E,8Z)- |
0.8 μg |
2.6 μg |
||||||||||
tetradecadien-1-yl |
||||||||||||
acetate |
||||||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-UV |
Cellulose |
PTHF |
20 |
ACN |
Industrial-Ground water, Borcher-Oakay alloy |
Heavy metal ions |
Co(II) |
- |
20 |
66 |
89.6–98.7 |
[16] |
Ni(II) |
18 |
59 |
87.0–98.6 |
|||||||||
Pd(II) |
10 |
30 |
89.0–99.0 |
|||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-UV |
Cellulose |
PTHF |
15 |
ACN |
Industrial-Bore well-Drinking water |
Heavy metal ions |
Cr(III) |
- |
1 |
3 |
89.6–98.7 |
[17] |
Cr(IV) |
3 |
9 |
87.0–98.6 |
|||||||||
FDSE-FI-FAAS |
Polyester |
PDMDPS |
1.5 |
MIBK |
River-Coastal-Ditch water |
Toxic metals |
Lead |
140 |
1800 |
6000 |
95.0–101.0 |
[18] |
Cadmium |
38 |
400 |
1200 |
94.0–98.0 |
||||||||
FPSE-UHPLC-MS/MS |
Polyester |
PDMDPS |
60 |
MeOH |
Sewage water |
UV stabilizers in personal care products |
UV P |
10 |
12.8–25.3 |
42.7–84.3 |
83–99 |
[19] |
UV 329 |
12.2–19.8 |
40.7–66.0 |
51–65 |
|||||||||
UV 326 |
51.6–60.7 |
172–202 |
49–65 |
|||||||||
UV 328 |
9.44–18.1 |
31.5–60.3 |
43–64 |
|||||||||
UV 327 |
36.2–38.6 |
121–129 |
65–87 |
|||||||||
UV 571 |
40.0–44.3 |
133–148 |
49–57 |
|||||||||
UV 360 |
6.01–7.34 |
20.0–24.5 |
35–63 |
|||||||||
FPSE-UHPLC-MS/MS |
Polyester |
PDMDPS |
60 |
MeOH |
Seawater |
UV stabilizers in personal care products |
UV P |
25 |
5.63 |
18.8 |
- |
[20] |
UV 329 |
4.33 |
14.5 |
||||||||||
UV 326 |
8.96 |
29.9 |
||||||||||
UV 328 |
1.63 |
5.44 |
||||||||||
UV 327 |
1.06 |
3.54 |
||||||||||
UV 360 |
2.72 |
9.08 |
||||||||||
FPSE-LC-MS/MS |
Cellulose |
PEG |
240 |
MeOH |
River water, Effluent/influent wastewater |
Pharmaceuticals Personal care products |
MPB |
- |
10 |
50 |
9–27 a |
[21] |
CBZ |
10 |
50 |
20–92 a |
|||||||||
PrPB |
2 |
20 |
41–65 a |
|||||||||
DHB |
5 |
50 |
44–74 a |
|||||||||
BzPB |
1 |
20 |
45–67 a |
|||||||||
DHMB |
2 |
20 |
50–74 a |
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DICLO |
1 |
20 |
44–73 a |
|||||||||
BP-3 |
2 |
20 |
59–93 a |
|||||||||
TCC |
3 |
10 |
57–59 a |
|||||||||
TCS |
50 |
200 |
43–54 a |
|||||||||
DFPSE-LC-MS/MS |
Cellulose |
PEG |
10 |
EtOAc |
River water, Effluent/influent wastewater |
Pharmaceuticals Personal care products |
MPB |
- |
4 |
50 |
12–30 a |
[22] |
CBZ |
4 |
50 |
18–53 a |
|||||||||
PrPB |
2 |
50 |
20–64 a |
|||||||||
DHB |
2 |
50 |
21–68 a |
|||||||||
BzPB |
2 |
50 |
33–70 a |
|||||||||
DHMB |
2 |
20 |
39–76 a |
|||||||||
DICLO |
2 |
50 |
23–50 a |
|||||||||
BP-3 |
2 |
100 |
45–52 a |
|||||||||
TCC |
8 |
50 |
15–49 a |
|||||||||
TCS |
20 |
100 |
22–43 a |
|||||||||
FPSE-GC-MS |
Cellulose |
PEG |
120 |
EtOAc |
River water, Effluent/influent WWTP |
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs |
IBU |
418 |
0.8 |
3 |
82–109 b |
[23] |
NAP |
263 |
2 |
5 |
93–111 b |
||||||||
KET |
223 |
5 |
15 |
92–108 b |
||||||||
DIC |
162 |
2 |
7 |
94–116 b |
||||||||
FPSE-UHPLC-MS/MS |
Cellulose |
M-PEG |
60 |
MeOH |
Wastewater from WWTP, Wastewater from hospital effluent |
Cytostatic drugs |
ETO |
- |
7.403 |
24.68 |
44.49–78.57 |
[24] |
CP |
3.825 |
12.75 |
40.50–70.20 |
|||||||||
VINC |
98.04 |
326.8 |
42.18–82.82 |
|||||||||
VINB |
39.93 |
132.8 |
30.18–101.8 |
|||||||||
TAM |
0.093 |
0.309 |
81.90–200.5 |
|||||||||
Stir-FPSE-UPLC-DAD |
Cellulose |
PEG |
60 |
MeOH |
River-Stream water |
Herbicides |
Simazine |
444 |
140 |
460 |
84–124 |
[25] |
Atrazine |
729 |
240 |
790 |
75–126 |
||||||||
Secbumeton |
988 |
80 |
260 |
76–103 |
||||||||
Terbumeton |
1165 |
80 |
260 |
75–104 |
||||||||
Propazine |
996 |
110 |
360 |
75–97 |
||||||||
Prometryn |
1286 |
470 |
1500 |
78–111 |
||||||||
Terbutryn |
1411 |
80 |
260 |
78–99 |
||||||||
Stir-FPSE-HPLC-DAD |
Cellulose |
PTHF |
15 |
ACN |
Wastewater, Reservoir water |
Brominated flame retardants |
TBBPA |
- |
30 |
- |
93 |
[26] |
TBBPA-BAE |
20 |
95 |
||||||||||
TBBPA-BDBPE |
40 |
92–99 |
||||||||||
Stir-bar-FPSE-HPLC-DAD |
Cellulose |
PTHF |
10 |
ACN |
Wastewater, Reservoir water |
Brominated flame retardants |
TBBPA |
- |
10 |
- |
92–95 |
[26] |
TBBPA-BAE |
50 |
90–97 |
||||||||||
TBBPA-BDBPE |
10 |
91–98 |
||||||||||
Food Samples |
||||||||||||
FPSE-UPLC-MS |
Cellulose |
PTHF |
20 |
ACN |
Food simulants |
Non-volatile Additives Migrants |
DEP |
3.1 |
5.0 c |
15 d |
67.6 |
[8] |
TBC |
6.4 |
1.0 c |
3 d |
104.8 |
||||||||
DBM |
6.6 |
3.0 c |
10 d |
112 |
||||||||
TBoAC |
7.3 |
1.0 c |
3 d |
83.3 |
||||||||
TXIB |
5.1 |
1.0 c |
3 d |
87.4 |
||||||||
DBP |
5.8 |
10 c |
30 d |
91.5 |
||||||||
2EHAdip |
- |
1.0 c |
3 d |
9.1 |
||||||||
2EHseb |
2.9 |
1.0 c |
3 d |
64.7 |
||||||||
IRGA38 |
- |
1.0 c |
3 d |
78.1 |
||||||||
TOPAC |
- |
5.0 c |
15 d |
33.3 |
||||||||
IRGA1076 |
12 |
3.0 c |
10 d |
80.4 |
||||||||
IRGA168 |
- |
3.0 c |
10 d |
45.7 |
||||||||
IRGA1010 |
- |
3.0 c |
10 d |
67.6 |
||||||||
TINU326 |
11 |
10 c |
25 d |
72.1 |
||||||||
CHIMA81 |
1.8 |
2.0 c |
10 d |
100.8 |
||||||||
TINU327 |
3.2 |
10 c |
30 d |
80.6 |
||||||||
CYA1084 |
- |
12 c |
30 d |
86.5 |
||||||||
HAAC12 |
- |
7.0 c |
20 d |
53.1 |
||||||||
FPSE-GC-MS |
Cellulose |
PEG |
60 |
MeOH |
Oranges |
Freshness markers |
Furfuryl alcohol |
- |
12.5 c |
37.8 d |
98.9 |
[27] |
Butyric acid |
150 c |
445 d |
70.1 |
|||||||||
Cis-3-hexen-1-ol |
12.5 c |
37.0 d |
93.7 |
|||||||||
Ethyl butyrate |
31.1 c |
93.4 d |
70.5 |
|||||||||
Vanillin |
31.0 c |
93.0 d |
89.4 |
|||||||||
Ethyl isovalerate |
10.0 c |
42.5 d |
80.8 |
|||||||||
Linalool |
10.0 c |
40.7 d |
102.1 |
|||||||||
1-Octen-3-one |
12.5 c |
37.6 d |
104.1 |
|||||||||
Eugenol |
12.5 c |
37.8 d |
86.7 |
|||||||||
Octanal |
11.1 c |
33.4 d |
106.5 |
|||||||||
Ethyl octanoate |
15.0 c |
43.6 d |
102.6 |
|||||||||
Limonene |
10.0 c |
40.8 d |
85.4 |
|||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-DAD |
Cellulose |
PEG |
30 |
MeOH |
Raw milk |
Antibiotic drugs Amphenicols |
TAP |
- |
- |
- |
90.5–103.3 |
[9] |
FFC |
92.3–103.3 |
|||||||||||
CAP |
97.0–106.0 |
|||||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-UV |
Cellulose |
PEG |
30 |
MeOH-ACN |
Raw milk |
Antibiotic drugs Sulfonamides |
SMTH |
- |
- |
- |
94.7–107.0 |
[28] |
SIX |
93.0–104.6 |
|||||||||||
SDMX |
96.1–102.5 |
|||||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-DAD |
Cellulose |
PEG |
40 |
ACN |
Intact bovine milk |
Antibiotic drugs Penicillin |
PENG |
- |
3.0 c |
10.0 d |
86.7–115.1 |
[29] |
CLO |
6.0 c |
20.0 d |
82.8–107.2 |
|||||||||
DICLO |
7.5 c |
25.0 d |
80.8–95.8 |
|||||||||
OXA |
9.0 c |
30.0 d |
82.6–92.4 |
|||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-UV |
Cellulose |
Graphene |
40 |
MeOH-ACN |
Cow milk, Human breast milk |
Organic monomers |
BPA |
- |
16.7 c |
50 d |
- |
[30] |
TEGDMA |
||||||||||||
UDMA |
||||||||||||
BisGMA |
||||||||||||
SAIL-FPSE-HPLC-DAD |
Nonwoven Polypropylene |
[HMIM]NTf2 |
2 |
ACN |
Tea |
Fungicides |
Azoxystrobin |
156–161 |
90–110 |
300–370 |
80.3–90.4 |
[31] |
Chlorothalonil |
86–93 |
180–230 |
600–770 |
78.1–84.9 |
||||||||
Cyprodinil |
103 |
120–170 |
400–570 |
79.9–86.4 |
||||||||
Trifloxystrobin |
217–234 |
100–120 |
330–400 |
81.2–101.2 |
||||||||
Biological Samples |
||||||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-FLD |
Cellulose |
PHTF |
20 |
MeOH |
Urine |
Estrogens |
BPA |
13.9 |
42 |
139 |
90.0–91.0 |
[12] |
E2 |
14.4 |
20 |
66 |
90.7–90.9 |
||||||||
EE2 |
14.7 |
36 |
119 |
91.0–91.4 |
||||||||
FPSE-UHPLC-MS/MS |
Cellulose |
PTHF |
20 |
MeOH |
Urine |
Steroid Hormones: Androgens Progestogens |
NORET |
- |
35.2 |
- |
- |
[14] |
NOR |
132.3 |
|||||||||||
MGA |
11.1 |
|||||||||||
PRO |
12.8 |
|||||||||||
BOL |
37.9 |
|||||||||||
NAN |
50.1 |
|||||||||||
TES |
8.9 |
|||||||||||
DHEA |
110.6 |
|||||||||||
AND |
80 |
|||||||||||
ADTD |
25.6 |
|||||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-PDA |
Cellulose |
PEG |
30 |
MeOH |
Plasma Urine |
Antimicrobial drugs Azoles |
Ketoconazol |
- |
30,000 |
100,000 |
- |
[32] |
Terconazole |
||||||||||||
Voriconazole |
||||||||||||
Bifonazole |
||||||||||||
Clotrimazole |
||||||||||||
Tioconazole |
||||||||||||
Econazole |
||||||||||||
Butoconazole |
||||||||||||
Miconazole |
||||||||||||
Posaconazole |
||||||||||||
Ravuconazole |
||||||||||||
Anditraconazole |
||||||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-DAD |
Cellulose |
PEG |
20 |
MeOH-ACN |
Blood serum |
Drugs Benzodiazepines |
APZ |
- |
10,000 |
30,000 |
91.4–106.0 |
[33] |
BRZ |
87.6–97.6 |
|||||||||||
DZP |
90.0–104.0 |
|||||||||||
LRZ |
86.0–102.4 |
|||||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-PDA |
Cellulose |
PEG PCAP-PDMS-PCAP |
30 |
MeOH |
Whole blood Plasma Urine |
Inflammatory |
Ciprofloxacin |
25.8–29.1 |
20,000–10,0000 |
50,000–25,0000 |
- |
[34] |
bowel disease |
Sulfasalazine |
56.7–63.9 |
||||||||||
drugs |
Cortisone |
26.9–105.4 |
LOD, Limit of detection, calculated as S/N = 3; LOQ, Limit of quantitation, calculated as S/N = 10; E.T., Extraction time; E.F., Enrichment factor; R%, Relative recovery %; Ref., Reference; a Rapp(%)—Apparent recovery that includes the extraction recovery and matrix effect; b Relative recoveries from calibrations in ultrapure water; c,d LOD and LOQ in ng/g.
Extraction Technique |
Instrumentation |
Sample Volume (mL) |
E.T. (min) |
LOD ng/L |
LOQ ng/L |
RSD% |
R% |
Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FPSE |
GC-MS |
30 |
120 |
0.8–5 |
3–15 |
4–18 |
82–116 |
[23] |
SBSE |
GC-MS |
15 |
240 |
13–21 a |
43–70 |
3–20 |
77–107 |
[35] |
SPME |
GC-MS |
22 |
40 |
– |
15–40 |
4–9 |
– |
[36] |
MEPS |
GC-MS |
5 |
6 |
3–110 |
11–360 |
3–13 |
60–160 |
[37] |
LOD, Limit of detection, calculated as S/N = 3; a LOD calculated as blank ±3 SDblank; LOQ, Limit of quantitation, calculated as S/N = 10.