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Topic Review
Dp71 Dystrophin Isoform
Dystrophin is a 427 kDa protein that stabilizes muscle cell membranes through interactions with the cytoskeleton and various membrane-associated proteins.
  • 763
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
NRF2 in Mycobacterial Infection
NRF2 is a transcription factor that regulates the cellular defense against toxic and oxidative insults through the expression of genes involved in the oxidative stress response and drug detoxification. NRF2 activation makes cells resistant to chemical carcinogens and inflammatory challenges. The mechanisms of NRF2 activation by oxidative stress have been understood at a molecular level.
  • 762
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Approach to Beta-Lactam Allergy
Beta-lactam antibiotics are considered a first-line therapy in many bacterial infections and include agents such as penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems. However, beta-lactam antibiotics are a common cause of adverse drug reactions and are associated with high rates of antibiotic allergy. Unverified beta-lactam allergies are a substantial public health problem, as the majority of patients labeled as beta-lactam allergic do not have clinically significant allergies that may hinder the use beta-lactam therapy when indicated. Outdated or inaccurate beta-lactam or penicillin allergies can result in serious consequences, including suboptimal antibiotic therapy, increased risk of adverse effects, and use of broader spectrum antibiotics than indicated, which may contribute to antimicrobial resistance.
  • 761
  • 15 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Statins on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, are administered as first-line therapy for hypercholesterolemia, both as primary and secondary prevention. Besides the lipid-lowering effect, statins have been suggested to inhibit the development of cardiovascular disease through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, vascular endothelial function-improving, plaque-stabilizing, and platelet aggregation-inhibiting effects. The pleiotropic effects of statins on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have been well established.
  • 761
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Regulatory ILC2—Role of IL-10 Producing ILC2 in Asthma
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are a family of lineage-negative cells that are are proposed to be critical drivers of inflammation at mucosal interfaces. KLRG1+ILC2 have the capacity to produce the anti-inflam-matory cytokine IL-10. ILC2 respond to microenvironmental cues, including retinoic acid (RA), IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-33, as well as neuropeptide mediators such as neuromedin-U (NMU), prompting a shift towards IL-10 and away from T2 cytokine production. In contrast, TGF-β attenuates IL-10 production by ILC2. Immune regulation provided by IL-10+ILC2s holds potential significance for the management of T2 inflammatory conditions.
  • 759
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lung Ultrasound for SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Diagnostic
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide causing a global pandemic. In this context, lung ultrasound (LUS) has played an important role due to its high diagnostic sensitivity, low costs, simplicity of execution and radiation safeness. Despite computed tomography (CT) being the imaging gold standard, lung ultrasound point of care exam is essential in every situation where CT is not readily available nor applicable.
  • 754
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Patient Selection for PARP Inhibitors
PARPi have been largely adopted in triple-negative metastatic breast cancer, but their place has been less clearly defined in endocrine-receptor positive, HER2 negative (ER+/ HER2-) mBC. 
  • 753
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Antineoplastic Therapy Involved in Hypersensitivity Reactions
As widely accepted at present, in addition to their benefits, medicines can also be accompanied by side effects and adverse reactions, of which some can be detrimental to therapies or even life-threatening. In some cases, these effects are enabled or enhanced by certain individual-specific hypersensitivity. Among other manifestations, adverse reactions to drugs resulting from excessive sensitivity may include anaphylaxis. Given that regular toxicity studies are not relevant to point to possible delayed hypersensitivity reactions triggered by systemic products and from the perspective of mechanisms involved in the early and late stages phases of hypersensitivity events, in vitro and in vivo tests remain the means to reveal the cells activated and the mediators released in this process.
  • 751
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Chemokines and Innate Lymphoid Cells in Skin Inflammation
As the outermost barrier, skin plays an important role in protecting our bodies against outside invasion. Under stable conditions or during inflammation, leukocytes migration is essential for restoring homeostasis in the skin. Immune cells trafficking is orchestrated by chemokines; leukocytes express receptors that bind to chemokines and trigger migration. The homeostasis of the immune ecosystem is an extremely complicated dynamic process that requires the cooperation of innate and adaptive immune cells. Emerging studies have been shedding a light on the unique characteristics of skin-resident innate lymphoid cells (ILCs).
  • 747
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
AK-I-190
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a clinical challenge in treatment because of its aggressive nature and resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitors have been suggested as a strategy to overcome these issues. We previously reported AK-I-190 as a novel topoisomerase II inhibitor. In this study, the mechanism of AK-I-190 was clarified using various types of spectroscopic and biological evaluations. AK-I-190 showed potent topoisomerase II inhibitory activity through intercalating into DNA without stabilizing the DNA-enzyme cleavage complex, resulting in significantly less DNA toxicity than etoposide, a clinically used topoisomerase II poison. AK-I-190 induced G1 arrest and effectively inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation in combination with paclitaxel in an androgen receptor–negative CRPC cell line. 
  • 743
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
For the Cure of Atopic Dermatitis
Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) are seeking a permanent cure. This entry provides three working hypotheses and perspectives for the cure of AD by restoring immune homeostasis (immune tolerance state) through activation of regulatory T (Treg) cells as follows. (1) A decreased number or function of Treg cells is a critical event leading to the development and maintenance of AD. (2) Activation of Treg cells is an effective therapeutic approach for long-term clinical improvement of AD. (3) Many different immunomodulatory strategies activating Treg cells can provide a long-term treatment-free clinical remission (cure) of AD by induction of immune tolerance state. Currently available Treg cell-targeted immunomodulatory therapies for AD include allergen immunotherapy, microbiota, vitamin D, polyvalent human immunoglobulin G, and monoclonal antibodies to the surface antigens of T cell or antigen-presenting cell. 
  • 741
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Leaky Gut in Food Allergy
Food allergies (FAs) are pathological immune reactions triggered by normally innocuous food protein antigens. Gut microbiota are one of the main actors in the complex mechanism of sensitization. The term “leaky gut” defines a status of weakening or disruption of the intestinal barrier, in which substances that are normally confined in the intestinal cavity pass through the intestinal wall and enter the bloodstream. Leaky gut has garnered significant interest due to its potential role in the onset of FA.
  • 741
  • 09 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Bradykinin Metabolism
Bradykinin (BK) metabolism and its receptors play a central role in drug-induced angioedema (AE) without urticaria through increased vascular permeability. Many cardiovascular and diabetic drugs may cause BK-mediated AE. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and neprilysin inhibitors impair BK catabolism.
  • 740
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Neck Circumference Predicts Mortality in COVID-19 patients
A large neck is associated with a premorbid increased proinflammatory and prothrombotic status, which makes the patient more prone to progress toward an unfavorable outcome. Neck circumference is an independent predictor for mortality in our hospitalized COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure and should complement the baseline evaluation of such patients.
  • 738
  • 11 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Ceramides as Potential Therapeutic Targets
Ceramides are bioactive lipid intermediates and members of the sphingolipid family that take part in the formation of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Although ceramide synthesis occurs in actually all organs in the body, the principal site for ceramide production is the liver. In cultured cells and isolated tissues, ceramides perturb mitochondrial function, block fuel usage, disrupt vasodilatation and promote apoptosis.
  • 735
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Image-Enhanced Capsule Endoscopy
Image-enhanced endoscopy is useful for diagnosing and identifying lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, image-enhanced endoscopy has become a breakthrough technology that has attracted significant attention. This image enhancing technology is available for capsule endoscopy, which is an effective tool for small intestinal lesions and has been applied in flexible spectral color enhancement technology and in contrast capsule like narrow-band imaging.
  • 734
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cellular Communication Network-2
Cellular communication network-2 (CCN2), also called connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), is considered a fibrotic biomarker and has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target for kidney pathologies. CCN2 is a matricellular protein with four distinct structural modules that can exert a dual function as a matricellular protein and as a growth factor.
  • 734
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Benefits from Gliflozins
Gliflozins are a novel class of anti-hyperglycemic agents used for the treatment of T2DM that selectively inhibit the SGLT2 in the kidneys, leading to an insulin-independent lowering of blood glucose levels through an enhanced daily urinary loss of up to 100 g of glucose (200–300 kcal). At the same time, they produce a natriuretic effect by inhibiting sodium reabsorption.
  • 732
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 through Wastewater
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was detected in Wuhan, China. The clinical manifestation of COVID-19 varies from asymptomatic to severe infection.
  • 732
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Capnocytophaga Canimorsus Septic Shock
Capnocytophaga canimorsus is zoonotic agent isolated from humans bitten by dogs or cats. Although rare, severe infection usually affects male patients over the age of 50, asplenic or immunocompromised. Diagnosis is often challenging, often missing a history of contact with dogs or pre-existing wounds. Mortality rate is extremely high, since infection can lead to fulminant sepsis. Why should an emergency physician be aware of this? C. canimorsus bacteremia is rare and difficult to diagnose. Although history taking in such cases is crucial, laboratory results are often delayed. Hence, chance of survival is dependent on prompt culture samples collection and start of empiric antibiotic treatment, along with supportive treatment.
  • 727
  • 28 Jan 2022
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