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Topic Review
Quercetin and Its Nano-Formulations for Brain Tumor Therapy
The development of efficient treatments for tumors affecting the central nervous system (CNS) remains an open challenge. Particularly, gliomas are the most malignant and lethal form of brain tumors in adults, causing death in patients just over 6 months after diagnosis without treatment. Quercetin is a bioactive compound derived from various fruits and vegetables (asparagus, apples, berries, cherries, onions and red leaf lettuce). Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies highlighted that quercetin through multitargeted molecular mechanisms (apoptosis, necrosis, anti-proliferative activity and suppression of tumor invasion and migration) effectively reduces the progression of tumor cells. 
  • 795
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Regulatory ILC2—Role of IL-10 Producing ILC2 in Asthma
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are a family of lineage-negative cells that are are proposed to be critical drivers of inflammation at mucosal interfaces. KLRG1+ILC2 have the capacity to produce the anti-inflam-matory cytokine IL-10. ILC2 respond to microenvironmental cues, including retinoic acid (RA), IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-33, as well as neuropeptide mediators such as neuromedin-U (NMU), prompting a shift towards IL-10 and away from T2 cytokine production. In contrast, TGF-β attenuates IL-10 production by ILC2. Immune regulation provided by IL-10+ILC2s holds potential significance for the management of T2 inflammatory conditions.
  • 793
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Ceramides as Potential Therapeutic Targets
Ceramides are bioactive lipid intermediates and members of the sphingolipid family that take part in the formation of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Although ceramide synthesis occurs in actually all organs in the body, the principal site for ceramide production is the liver. In cultured cells and isolated tissues, ceramides perturb mitochondrial function, block fuel usage, disrupt vasodilatation and promote apoptosis.
  • 792
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Sublingual Immunotherapy for Aeroallergens
Sublingual immunotherapy represents an important progress in the use of personalized medicine in children with allergic asthma. It is a viable option for house dust mite driven asthma and in subjects with the asthma associated with allergic rhinitis.
  • 784
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Multivisceral Resection in Robotic Liver Surgery
Minimally invasive surgery techniques are expanding in utilization in liver resections and now include robotic approaches. Robotic liver resection has been demonstrated to have several benefits, including surgeon ergonomics, wrist articulation, and 3D visualization. Similarly, for multivisceral liver resections, the use of minimally invasive techniques has evolved and expanded from laparoscopy to robotics.
  • 783
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Approach to Beta-Lactam Allergy
Beta-lactam antibiotics are considered a first-line therapy in many bacterial infections and include agents such as penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems. However, beta-lactam antibiotics are a common cause of adverse drug reactions and are associated with high rates of antibiotic allergy. Unverified beta-lactam allergies are a substantial public health problem, as the majority of patients labeled as beta-lactam allergic do not have clinically significant allergies that may hinder the use beta-lactam therapy when indicated. Outdated or inaccurate beta-lactam or penicillin allergies can result in serious consequences, including suboptimal antibiotic therapy, increased risk of adverse effects, and use of broader spectrum antibiotics than indicated, which may contribute to antimicrobial resistance.
  • 778
  • 15 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Statins on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, are administered as first-line therapy for hypercholesterolemia, both as primary and secondary prevention. Besides the lipid-lowering effect, statins have been suggested to inhibit the development of cardiovascular disease through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, vascular endothelial function-improving, plaque-stabilizing, and platelet aggregation-inhibiting effects. The pleiotropic effects of statins on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have been well established.
  • 778
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Dp71 Dystrophin Isoform
Dystrophin is a 427 kDa protein that stabilizes muscle cell membranes through interactions with the cytoskeleton and various membrane-associated proteins.
  • 776
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
For the Cure of Atopic Dermatitis
Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) are seeking a permanent cure. This entry provides three working hypotheses and perspectives for the cure of AD by restoring immune homeostasis (immune tolerance state) through activation of regulatory T (Treg) cells as follows. (1) A decreased number or function of Treg cells is a critical event leading to the development and maintenance of AD. (2) Activation of Treg cells is an effective therapeutic approach for long-term clinical improvement of AD. (3) Many different immunomodulatory strategies activating Treg cells can provide a long-term treatment-free clinical remission (cure) of AD by induction of immune tolerance state. Currently available Treg cell-targeted immunomodulatory therapies for AD include allergen immunotherapy, microbiota, vitamin D, polyvalent human immunoglobulin G, and monoclonal antibodies to the surface antigens of T cell or antigen-presenting cell. 
  • 774
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Lymphadenopathy after Anti-COVID-19 Vaccine
Post-COVID-19 vaccine administration lymphadenopathies in an atypical location represent an intense immune response to antigenic stimuli and they may show alarming US traits superimposed on malignant pathologies, which may complicate the patient’s clinical and diagnostic pathway. Despite no distinctive US features between reactive post-COVID-19 vaccination and malignant lymph nodes being available, careful examination of atypical lymph node locations associated with accurate knowledge of patients’ clinical background and delay of US exam to four to six weeks after vaccine injection should be considered. 
  • 772
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Bradykinin Metabolism
Bradykinin (BK) metabolism and its receptors play a central role in drug-induced angioedema (AE) without urticaria through increased vascular permeability. Many cardiovascular and diabetic drugs may cause BK-mediated AE. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and neprilysin inhibitors impair BK catabolism.
  • 772
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Image-Enhanced Capsule Endoscopy
Image-enhanced endoscopy is useful for diagnosing and identifying lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, image-enhanced endoscopy has become a breakthrough technology that has attracted significant attention. This image enhancing technology is available for capsule endoscopy, which is an effective tool for small intestinal lesions and has been applied in flexible spectral color enhancement technology and in contrast capsule like narrow-band imaging.
  • 770
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Lung Ultrasound for SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Diagnostic
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide causing a global pandemic. In this context, lung ultrasound (LUS) has played an important role due to its high diagnostic sensitivity, low costs, simplicity of execution and radiation safeness. Despite computed tomography (CT) being the imaging gold standard, lung ultrasound point of care exam is essential in every situation where CT is not readily available nor applicable.
  • 764
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Patient Selection for PARP Inhibitors
PARPi have been largely adopted in triple-negative metastatic breast cancer, but their place has been less clearly defined in endocrine-receptor positive, HER2 negative (ER+/ HER2-) mBC. 
  • 761
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Manipulation of Amino Acids for Cancer Therapy
Cancer cells cannot proliferate and survive unless they obtain sufficient levels of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids (AAs). Unlike normal cells, cancer cells have genetic and metabolic alterations that may limit their capacity to obtain adequate levels of the 20 AAs in challenging metabolic environments. However, since normal diets provide all AAs at relatively constant levels and ratios, these potentially lethal genetic and metabolic defects are eventually harmless to cancer cells. If the normal diet of cancer patients is temporarily replaced  with artificial diets in which the levels of specific AAs are manipulated, cancer cells may be unable to proliferate and survive. 
  • 754
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cellular Communication Network-2
Cellular communication network-2 (CCN2), also called connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), is considered a fibrotic biomarker and has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target for kidney pathologies. CCN2 is a matricellular protein with four distinct structural modules that can exert a dual function as a matricellular protein and as a growth factor.
  • 748
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Benefits from Gliflozins
Gliflozins are a novel class of anti-hyperglycemic agents used for the treatment of T2DM that selectively inhibit the SGLT2 in the kidneys, leading to an insulin-independent lowering of blood glucose levels through an enhanced daily urinary loss of up to 100 g of glucose (200–300 kcal). At the same time, they produce a natriuretic effect by inhibiting sodium reabsorption.
  • 747
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
AK-I-190
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a clinical challenge in treatment because of its aggressive nature and resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitors have been suggested as a strategy to overcome these issues. We previously reported AK-I-190 as a novel topoisomerase II inhibitor. In this study, the mechanism of AK-I-190 was clarified using various types of spectroscopic and biological evaluations. AK-I-190 showed potent topoisomerase II inhibitory activity through intercalating into DNA without stabilizing the DNA-enzyme cleavage complex, resulting in significantly less DNA toxicity than etoposide, a clinically used topoisomerase II poison. AK-I-190 induced G1 arrest and effectively inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation in combination with paclitaxel in an androgen receptor–negative CRPC cell line. 
  • 746
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Neck Circumference Predicts Mortality in COVID-19 patients
A large neck is associated with a premorbid increased proinflammatory and prothrombotic status, which makes the patient more prone to progress toward an unfavorable outcome. Neck circumference is an independent predictor for mortality in our hospitalized COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure and should complement the baseline evaluation of such patients.
  • 745
  • 11 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Chitosan Nanoparticles in Preclinical Testing of Atherosclerosis
Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed β-(1–4)-linked 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose (deacetylated units) and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose (acetylated units). Chitosan is derived from chitin, a highly abundant natural biopolymer with a high cationic potential. Chitin is extracted from the exoskeleton of many living organisms, including crabs, shrimps, insects, and fungi.
  • 741
  • 15 Aug 2022
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