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Topic Review
COVID-19 and Chagas Disease Patients
Chagas disease is considered a neglected tropical disease. The acute phase of Chagas disease is characterized by several symptoms: fever, fatigue, body aches, headache and cardiopathy’s. Chronic phase could be asymptomatic or symptomatic with cardiac compromise. Since the emergence of the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the cardiovascular involvement has been identified as a complication commonly reported in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Due to the lack of knowledge of the cardiac affectations that this virus could cause in patients with Chagas disease.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Endometriosis and oxidative stress
Recent literature on the subject supports the notion that oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and its evolution and symptom presentation. The main symptoms of endometriosis, namely chronic pain and infertility, are contingent on the establishment of chronic inflammation, with dysregulation of the immune system and multiple cell functions, including the control of ROS generation. Targeting oxidative stress could prove a winning strategy to manage both endometriotic lesion progression by curbing the hyperproliferative phenotype acquired by endometrial cells and inhibiting iron overload, and also endometriosis-associated symptoms.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Oral Microbiome Related Diseases
The human oral microbiome refers to an ecological community of symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms found in the oral cavity. The oral cavity is an environment that provides various biological niches, such as the teeth, tongue, and oral mucosa. The oral cavity is the gateway between the external environment and the human body, maintaining oral homeostasis, protecting the mouth, and preventing disease.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Plastidial Starch Phosphorylase in Starch Metabolism
Starch phosphorylase is a member of the GT35-glycogen-phosphorylase superfamily. Glycogen phosphorylases have been researched in animals thoroughly when compared to plants. Genetic evidence signifies the integral role of plastidial starch phosphorylase (PHO1) in starch biosynthesis in model plants. The counterpart of PHO1 is PHO2, which specifically resides in cytosol and is reported to lack L80 peptide in the middle region of proteins as seen in animal and maltodextrin forms of phosphorylases. The function of this extra peptide varies among species and ranges from the substrate of proteasomes to modulate the degradation of PHO1 in Solanum tuberosum to a non-significant effect on biochemical activity in Oryza sativa and Hordeum vulgare.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Economic Indicators in Water Sector for Circular Economy
Protection and sustainable management of water was indicated as one of the strategic tasks in the process of transformation towards a circular economy (CE) in the European Union (EU), therefore, the water and wastewater sector plays an important role in this process.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Methodology and Neuromarkers for Cetaceans’ Brains
Cetacean brain sampling may be an arduous task due to the difficulty of collecting and histologically preparing such rare and large specimens. Thus, one of the main challenges of working with cetaceans’ brains is to establish a valid methodology for an optimal manipulation and fixation of the brain tissue, which allows the samples to be viable for neuroanatomical and neuropathological studies.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacovigilance Systems in Three Arab Countries
Pharmacovigilance (PV) is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as “the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem" and represents an important element of a country’s public health policies’ portfolio. Like other developing countries, PV systems in Arab countries are at different stages of maturity, with many still in the early stages of development. Recently, however, the importance of having a strong PV system in place has gained increased attention.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Estimation of Winter Wheat Tiller Number
Tiller are an important biological characteristic of wheat. Accurate estimation of tiller number can help monitor wheat growth and is important in forecasting wheat yield. However, because of leaf cover and other factors, it is difficult to estimate tiller number and the accuracy of estimates based on vegetation indices is low. Compared with the traditional linear model, the addition of a gradual change feature greatly improved the accuracy of model predictions of wheat tiller number.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
RAUM-VO
Unsupervised learning for monocular camera motion and 3D scene understanding has gained popularity over traditional methods, which rely on epipolar geometry or non-linear optimization. Notably, deep learning can overcome many issues of monocular vision, such as perceptual aliasing, low-textured areas, scale drift, and degenerate motions. In addition, concerning supervised learning, researchers can fully leverage video stream data without the need for depth or motion labels. RAUM-VO is presented here, an approach based on a model-free epipolar constraint for frame-to-frame motion estimation (F2F) to adjust the rotation during training and online inference. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Crisis and Hiking Intention
People’s lives have drastically changed since the outbreak of COVID-19. One concern during the pandemic has been the level of inactivity among people. Compared to various generations (e.g., baby boomers, generation alpha), Generation Z (Gen Z) traditionally spends much less time in outdoor spaces. Due to the pandemic, their inactiveness is assumed to be even more severe. Hiking, an outdoor activity, has become a possible remedy for young people to exercise in a safer sport environment compared to traditional facility-based activities. Although various studies have supported the link between motivations and hiking intention, the relationship may be altered based on psychological influences unique to the pandemic situations—perceived risk and coping appraisals. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Percutaneous Endoscopic Necrosectomy
The Percutaneous Endoscopic Necrosectomy (PEN) technique consists of percutaneous puncture of the pancreatic necrotic collection from retroperitoneal, or less frequently, transperitoneal access, under ultrasound or CT guidance. Next, a fully-coated, self-expandable esophageal stent is inserted across the puncture, with its distal end reaching the necrotic collection lumen and its proximal end located outside the patient’s body. During PEN, a flexible endoscope (usually a gastroscope) is inserted along the esophageal stent lumen and necrosectomy (mechanical evaluation of necrotic debris from the cavity) is performed using various endoscopic instruments. During the procedure, the cavity is extensively flushed, usually with physiological saline, and the contents are aspirated. If subsequent PEN procedures are required, the esophageal stent is retained in the percutaneous location, with the introduction of plastic endoprostheses or drainage tubes along its lumen for passive or active post-procedural drainage of the necrotic collection, respectively. After the completion of endoscopic treatment using percutaneous access, the esophageal stent is removed and the site is secured with an ostomy pouch to collect the residual contents of the necrotic cavity.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Carcinoma
The inflammatory process plays a significant role in the development of colon cancer (CRC). Intestinal cytokine networks are critical mediators of tissue homeostasis and inflammation but also impact carcinogenesis at all stages of the disease. 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Net Neutrality (Last Week Tonight)
"Net Neutrality" is the first segment of the HBO news satire television series Last Week Tonight with John Oliver devoted to net neutrality in the United States. It aired for 13 minutes on June 1, 2014, as part of the fifth episode of Last Week Tonight's first season. During this segment, as well Oliver's follow-up segment entitled "Net Neutrality II", comedian John Oliver discusses the threats to net neutrality. Under the administration of President Barack Obama, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was considering two options for net neutrality in early 2014. The FCC proposed permitting fast and slow broadband lanes, which would compromise net neutrality, but was also considering reclassifying broadband as a telecommunication service, which would preserve net neutrality. After a surge of comments supporting net neutrality that were inspired by Oliver's episode, the FCC voted to reclassify broadband as a utility in 2015.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Collagen Alignment via Electro-Compaction for Biofabrication Applications
Collagen is the most prevalent structural protein in the extracellular matrix, resulting in the biopolymer being extensively investigated for biofabrication-based applications. However, its utilisation has been impeded due to a lack of sufficient mechanical toughness and the inability of the scaffolds to mimic complex natural tissues. The anisotropic alignment of collagen has been proven to be an effective method to enhance overall mechanical properties and produce biomimetic scaffolds. The alignment of collagen can be achieved by several methods, namely, gravity and extrusion-based fluidic alignment, static magnetic alignment, magnetic-flow alignment, cell-based stress-induced self-alignment, electrospinning, and electrophoretic-based electro-compaction (EC). Each existing approach of aligning collagen is described and compared with a sharper focus on electro-compaction.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mean Field Particle Methods
Mean field particle methods are a broad class of interacting type Monte Carlo algorithms for simulating from a sequence of probability distributions satisfying a nonlinear evolution equation. These flows of probability measures can always be interpreted as the distributions of the random states of a Markov process whose transition probabilities depends on the distributions of the current random states. A natural way to simulate these sophisticated nonlinear Markov processes is to sample a large number of copies of the process, replacing in the evolution equation the unknown distributions of the random states by the sampled empirical measures. In contrast with traditional Monte Carlo and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods these mean field particle techniques rely on sequential interacting samples. The terminology mean field reflects the fact that each of the samples (a.k.a. particles, individuals, walkers, agents, creatures, or phenotypes) interacts with the empirical measures of the process. When the size of the system tends to infinity, these random empirical measures converge to the deterministic distribution of the random states of the nonlinear Markov chain, so that the statistical interaction between particles vanishes. In other words, starting with a chaotic configuration based on independent copies of initial state of the nonlinear Markov chain model, the chaos propagates at any time horizon as the size the system tends to infinity; that is, finite blocks of particles reduces to independent copies of the nonlinear Markov process. This result is called the propagation of chaos property. The terminology "propagation of chaos" originated with the work of Mark Kac in 1976 on a colliding mean field kinetic gas model
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
General Aircraft Hamilcar
The General Aircraft Limited GAL. 49 Hamilcar or Hamilcar Mark I was a large United Kingdom military glider produced during the Second World War, which was designed to carry heavy cargo, such as the Tetrarch or M22 Locust light tank. When the British airborne establishment was formed in 1940 by the order of Prime Minister Winston Churchill it was decided to develop a large glider which would be able to transport heavy equipment in support of airborne troops. General Aircraft Limited were chosen in January 1941 to develop this glider, which they designated the GAL. 49 'Hamilcar'. It was designed to transport a single light tank or two Universal Carriers. A number of problems, which included vacillation by the War Office on the number of gliders that it wanted and poor management by GAL, led to delays in the production of the Hamilcar, and the first production glider was only assembled in mid-1943. These problems were only partially solved, and production of the glider continued to be slow, hampered by difficulties in finding suitable locations to store and construct the Hamilcars once their parts were produced. A total of 344 Hamilcars had been built when production ended in 1946. Hamilcars were only used on three occasions, and only in support of British airborne forces. They first saw action in June 1944, when approximately thirty were used to carry 17-pounder anti-tank guns, transport vehicles and Tetrarch light tanks into Normandy in support of British airborne forces during Operation Tonga. In September 1944 a similar number of Hamilcars were used to transport anti-tank guns, transport vehicles and supplies for airborne troops as part of Operation Market Garden. They were used a third and final time in March 1945 during Operation Varsity, when they transported M22 Locust light tanks and other supplies. The gliders proved to be successful in all three operations, although their slow speed and large size made them easy targets for anti-aircraft fire, which resulted in a number of gliders being damaged or destroyed. A powered variant of the Hamilcar was produced, the Hamilcar Mark X, in an attempt to extend the range of the Hamilcar so it could serve in the Pacific War; however, the conflict in the Pacific ended before the design could see combat.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Root System of a Semi-simple Lie Algebra
In mathematics, there is a one-to-one correspondence between reduced crystallographic root systems and semisimple Lie algebras. Here the construction of a root system of a semisimple Lie algebra – and, conversely, the construction of a semisimple Lie algebra from a reduced crystallographic root system – are shown.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Remission in Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive disease with a growing prevalence, associated with an increased risk of complications. The introduction of new classes of antidiabetic drugs into clinical practice has dramatically changed the landscape of diabetes therapy. However, despite the progress made in the pharmacotherapy of T2DM, mitigating the burden of the disease on individuals, societies and health care systems remains a challenge. Remission has emerged as a therapeutic target in T2DM, achievable through a wide range of interventions. Studies have shown that extensive lifestyle changes, such as weight reduction, bariatric surgery, and intensive glucose lowering therapy, can prompt the remission of diabetes, but some unanswered questions remain regarding its long-term effects on diabetic complications. Metabolic surgery and novel classes of glucose-lowering medications are the most effective interventions to induce weight loss and by extension remission in patients with diabetes.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Earthquake Catastrophe Bond Pricing
The potential for economic losses due to earthquakes keeps increasing due to the development of the socioeconomic system and urbanization. The disaster management funds are insufficient to cover the losses suffered. Therefore, there is a need for an alternative funding mechanism linked to the financial market, such as catastrophe bonds.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Peripheral Events in the Pathophysiology of PTNP
The ICOP (International Classification of Orofacial Pain), 1ST edition describes post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain (PTNP) as “a unilateral or bilateral facial or oral pain following and caused by trauma to the trigeminal nerve(s), with other symptoms and/or clinical signs of trigeminal nerve dysfunction, and persisting or recurring for more than 3 months”. A cascade of events in the peripheral and central nervous system function is involved in the pathophysiology of pain following nerve injuries. Central and peripheral processes occur in tandem and may often be co-dependent. Due to the complexity of central mechanisms, only peripheral events contributing to the pathophysiology have been reviewed herein.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Dec 2022
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