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Topic Review
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide
Utility of vaccine campaigns to control coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is not merely de-pendent on vaccine efficacy and safety. Vaccine acceptance among the general public and healthcare workers appears to have a decisive role in the successful control of the pandemic.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Potential Chemicals from Plastic Wastes
Plastic is referred to as a “material of every application”. From the packaging and automotive industries to the medical apparatus and computer electronics sectors, plastic materials are fulfilling demands efficiently. These plastics usually end up in landfills and incinerators, creating plastic waste pollution. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 2015, 9.1% of the plastic materials generated in the U.S. municipal solid waste stream was recycled, 15.5% was combusted for energy, and 75.4% was sent to landfills. 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue in IBDs
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), chronic inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract, include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Jakarta’s Destination Brand Image
Destination image and city branding are accumulating a growing body of knowledge in urban studies and tourism literature. Although several visitor destination image models have been proposed, the most prevalent in Asia remains the comprehensive destination image model. This is the first research to test the applicability of this model beyond the United States and with international (rather than domestic) visitors. Jakarta is chosen as the geographical test area for this study, which incorporates structural equation modeling on a data sample of international leisure visitors in Jakarta. The findings indicate that the destination image model could be generalized beyond the US and applied to Jakarta. This study finds that tourism policymakers in Jakarta should focus on promoting the friendliness of local residents and improving the city’s cleanliness, as these are the two most positive and negative perceptions. Overall, this study showed that a unique destination image—a largely under-researched topic in place branding—is a variable that should be considered when formulating the overall place image of city destinations around the world. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Circular Economy and Circular Cities
An alternative way to the current way cities develops and operate is provided by the circular economy (CE). The idea of circular economy finds its roots in environmental and ecological economics, industrial ecology and management and corporate sustainability. The circular city represents a relatively new concept, and as a result, assumptions about these types of cities are often incorrect and require further explanations to understand their way of functioning. A framework for a circular economy not only reduces the raw materials used within the system but also brings opportunities for sustainable consumption, waste management and innovation in all fields, as well as human development and increased well-being for everyone. However, the nature of circular systems mandates for the collective effort of governments, businesses and consumers likewise. Therefore, a circular economy should be an integrated part of the cities’ and regions’ development plans for achieving healthy circular ecosystems.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Platelets in Allergic Asthma
Allergic asthma is a chronic and heterogeneous pulmonary disease in which platelets can be activated in an IgE-mediated pathway and migrate to the airways via CCR3-dependent mechanism. Activated platelets secrete IL-33, Dkk-1, and 5-HT or overexpress CD40L on the cell surfaces to induce Type 2 immune response or interact with TSLP-stimulated myeloid DCs through the RANK-RANKL-dependent manner to tune the sensitization stage of allergic asthma. Additionally, platelets can mediate leukocyte infiltration into the lungs through P-selectin-mediated interaction with PSGL-1 and upregulate integrin expression in activated leukocytes.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster has proved to be a dynamic model organism that can produce high-quality data in a short time frame. One of the fly’s most prominent feature is the possibility to perform genetic alterations through the well-known Gal4/UAS expression system, thus making it possible to express target proteins in a specific cell type or tissue.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Seasonal Changes in Soil Microbial Community
Hazelnut is one of the four major nuts in the world and has high nutritional and economic value. This study employed Illumina sequencing of ITS rDNA and 16S rRNA genes to identify the seasonal changes in soil microbial community, the predominant environmental factors driving microbial community composition, and the differences in soil microbial composition among different species of the genus Corylus. We found that the soil microbial community composition of species of Corylus changed significantly with the change in seasons. Corylus heterophylla and Corylus kweichowensis had more ectomycorrhiza in their soil compared to Corylus avellane. The main factor influencing fungal community composition in soil was the available potassium, while that of bacteria was the total phosphorus content.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Demolition Waste Management
Demolition waste generation has grown throughout the years with the urbanization process. The environmental impacts of demolition waste generation and related waste treatment have attracted global attention from the government, industry, and academia. With advancements in building information modelling and life cycle assessment methods, it provides possible solutions to managing demolition waste in a more systematic way.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Effect of Sanitizing Treatments on Respirator Filtration Performance
Disposable respirator masks with an accepted performance rating are seriously compromised from an exposure to saturated alcoholic vapours, can tolerate a one-off spray treatment with an alcoholic solution and retain their attested protection under the influence of alcoholic vapours from the use of hand sanitizer or spray sanitizer.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy
The laser application for hyperthermia makes it possible to obtain managed thermal damage of tumor tissue. However, the small spatial selectivity of tumor tissue heating remains a problem of laser hyperthermia. The development of innovative nanoparticle-based technologies to improve the selectivity of laser heating is intensively pursued, and various types of plasmon resonance nanoparticles are used for this purpose, as follows: nanospheres nanoshells, nanorods, nanocages. Plasmonic photothermal therapy is referred to by the acronym PPT.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil
The entry presents some aspects related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil including public health, challenges facing healthcare workers and adverse impacts on the country’s economy. Its main contribution is the availability of two web applications for online monitoring of the evolution of the pandemic in Brazil and South America.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Somatic Polyploidy
Somatic polyploidy was found in the tissues of all multicellular organisms (including algae, mosses, lichens, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates), which points to its adaptive value. In human and warm-blooded animals, polyploidy can be a part of normal postnatal morphogenetic programs and can be a manifestation of response to pathological stimuli and diseases.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
NO in Viral Infections
Nitric oxide is a ubiquitous signaling radical that influences critical body functions. Its importance in the cardiovascular system and the innate immune response to bacterial and viral infections has been extensively investigated. The overproduction of NO is an early component of viral infections, including those affecting the respiratory tract. The production of high levels of NO is due to the overexpression of NO biosynthesis by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), which is involved in viral clearance. The development of NO-based antiviral therapies, particularly gaseous NO inhalation and NO-donors, has proven to be an excellent antiviral therapeutic strategy. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Metabolism and Toxin Gene Regulation in Gram-Positive Bacteria
Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani are Gram-positive, spore-forming, and anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria that produce the most potent toxins among bacterial, animal, and plant toxins. C. tetani synthesizes the tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), which is responsible for an often fatal spastic paralysis in humans and animals, whereas C. botulinum produces botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), which induce severe flaccid paralysis in vertebrates. Although TeNT and BoNTs lead to opposite clinical symptoms, they use a similar molecular mechanism of action. Toxin synthesis, as with protein synthesis in general, is dependent on the metabolic activity of the bacteria.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Relationship between Caffeine and Cognition
Caffeine is a natural trimethyl xanthine alkaloid in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7 (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine). Caffeine has high oral bioavailability, with 99% of caffeine being absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into the bloodstream 45 min after ingestion. A peak plasma concentration of 1–10 μM (0.25–2 mg/L) reached 15–120 min post oral ingestion from a cup of coffee in humans. Caffeine, a key psychoactive ingredient in coffee, is a short-acting neurostimulator with known neuromodulator effects on the brain by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, mobilizing intracellular calcium, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of GABA receptor function. Rodent studies have also reported caffeine can inhibit amylogenic-Aβ protein production and improve cognition in rodent AD models. However, results from previous clinical studies were controversial, with some reporting caffeine to be neuroprotective, while others report no effect or even detrimental effects on cognition.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Lymph Node-Positive Prostate Cancer after Radical Prostatectomy
Pathological lymph node involvement (pN1) after a pelvic lymph node dissection represents one of the most unfavorable prognostic factors for disease recurrence and cancer-specific mortality in prostate cancer. However, optimal management for pN1 patients remains unclear. Thus, the guideline from the European Association of Urology recommends discussing three following management options with pN1 patients after an extended pelvic lymph node dissection, based on nodal involvement characteristics: (i) offer adjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy, (ii) offer adjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy with additional radiotherapy and (iii) offer observation (expectant management) to a patient with ≤2 nodes and a prostate-specific antigen <0.1 ng/mL. Treatment intensification may reduce risks of recurrence and cancer-specific mortality, but it may increase adverse events and impair quality of life. Few randomized control trials for pN1 are under investigation. In addition, there are limited reports on the quality of life and patient-reported outcomes in patients with pN1. Therefore, more research is needed to establish an optimal therapeutic strategy for patients with pN1. 
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Eating Behaviors of People with Chronic Stress
Psychological stressors frequently occur in modern society, and are associated with general anhedonic traits (inability to experience pleasure) and altered eating behavior. As eating behavior is largely motivated by a desire for pleasure, the Food Pleasure Scale (FPS) was introduced as a new research tool for investigating aspects of pleasure from food-related experiences. 
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Pediatric Brain Tumors
Central nervous system tumors are the most common pediatric solid tumors; they are also the most lethal. Unlike adults, childhood brain tumors are mostly primary in origin and differ in type, location and molecular signature. Tumor characteristics (incidence, location, and type) vary with age. Pediatric brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children. Traditionally classified by location, age at presentation, and histological type, advances in molecular biology and genetics have allowed for more refined subgrouping within major tumor types.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Lignocellulosic Biomass as a Renewable Source
Lignocellulosic biomass is the primary structural component of plant matter and is mostly inedible, generally referring to organic materials such as wood, grass, and agricultural crop residues. Biomass is a plentiful and carbon-neutral renewable energy source that may be used to create platform chemicals and fuels, especially considering that up to 75% of initial energy can be converted into biofuels.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Oct 2022
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