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Topic Review
121-PDS-ihpRNA-mediated silencing of PDS gene
Long introm-spliced hairpin RNA (ihpRNA) constructs which contained inverted repeats of the phytoene desaturase (PDS) separated by an intron, had been shown to very effective in triggering PDS silencing in Brassica napus. Using the PDS gene as a target control, it was shown that the RCA-mediated long ihpRNA construct was signicantly effective in triggering gene silence in B. napus.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Veterinary Diagnostics of Honeybee Diseases
This entry is a review dealing with the veterinary diagnostic approach in honeybee colonies especially in case of common virus diseases. It presents the step-by-step methods a veterinarian should perform when facing an ill honeybee colony and focusses on virus diseases in adult honeybees. 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Dec 2020
Topic Review
CHST3-Related Skeletal Dysplasia
CHST3-related skeletal dysplasia is a genetic condition characterized by bone and joint abnormalities that worsen over time. Affected individuals have short stature throughout life, with an adult height under 4 and a half feet. Joint dislocations, most often affecting the knees, hips, and elbows, are present at birth (congenital). Other bone and joint abnormalities can include an inward- and upward-turning foot (clubfoot), a limited range of motion in large joints, and abnormal curvature of the spine. The features of CHST3-related skeletal dysplasia are usually limited to the bones and joints; however, minor heart defects have been reported in a few affected individuals.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Tilapia tilapinevirus
Tilapia Lake Virus Disease (TiLVD) is a new disease caused by Tilapia tilapinevirus, or tilapia lake virus (TiLV), which is a linear, negative-sense single-strand RNA virus containing ten segments; it has a total genome size of 10,323 kb.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Phospholipase A2 Drives Tumorigenesis
Phospholipids are suggested to drive tumorigenesis through their essential role in inflammation. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a phospholipid metabolizing enzyme that releases free fatty acids, mostly arachidonic acid, and lysophospholipids, which contribute to the development of the tumor microenvironment (TME), promoting immune evasion, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and invasiveness. The mechanisms mediated by PLA2 are not fully understood, especially because an important inhibitory molecule, Annexin A1, is present in the TME but does not exert its action. Here, we will discuss how Annexin A1 in cancer does not inhibit PLA2 leading to both pro-inflammatory and pro-tumoral signaling pathways. Moreover, Annexin A1 promotes the release of cancer-derived exosomes, which also lead to the enrichment of PLA2 and COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, contributing to TME formation.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Blockchain Networks Privacy
One of the most widely researched areas in the field of blockchain networks is the domain of preserving blockchain privacy. The reason being the growing concern of several industries and business enterprises to protect their data and trade secrets from unauthorized access. 
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Target Nanoparticles against Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is the most common lethal tumor in America. This lethality is related to limited treatment options. Conventional treatments involve the non-specific use of chemotherapeutical agents such as 5-FU, capecitabine, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, or irinotecan, which produce several side effects. The principal objective of nanoparticles is reduction of the side effects that conventional treatments produce, mostly because of their non-specificity. 
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Utilization of Low-Value Fish
A low value fish is a product which addresses one or more points of the following: a) a fish discarded because of unwanted traits (weight, dimension etc...) b) an accidental catch c) a species of moderate value. There are several possibilities to valorize low-value fish material and this entry offers an overview of the most useful ways.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Escape Mechanisms of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), mainly affects the respiratory system. It was demonstrated in 2019 that tuberculosis is the leading cause of mortality due to a single infectious agent. MTB is an intracellular parasite that mainly attacks macrophages and inhibits their apoptosis. One of the most disturbing matters in the treatment of MTB is the increasing resistance to current first-line antibiotics, resulting in long-term infection in humans and causing a series of pathological changes and clinical manifestations. A further understanding of the immune escape mechanisms of MTB is of major importance for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tuberculosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Green Hydrogen Value Chain
The potential of H2 as a fuel with the highest energy density per unit mass makes it great for application in all sectors that require energy. H2 is produced from a wide range of resources using different raw materials, pathways, and technologies, including fossil fuels and renewable energy. The classical method consists of breaking or reforming fossil fuels as a profitable H2 production pathway for industrial use, which was estimated (globally) at 85 million tons in 2016 (more than 600 billion Nm3/year). Therefore, the energy value of H2 and the clean energy index were not the main factors to consider in its use at an industrial level. Industrial H2 was used for the production of fertilizers, petrochemical refining, metalworking, food processing, cooling of generators of power plant energy and semiconductor manufacturing.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Phenotypical and Functional Polymorphism of Liver Resident Macrophages
Liver diseases are one of the main causes of mortality. In this regard, the development of new ways of reparative processes stimulation is relevant. Macrophages play a leading role in the regulation of liver homeostasis in physiological conditions and in pathology. In this regard, the development of new liver treatment methods is impossible without taking into account this cell population. Resident macrophages of the liver, Kupffer cells, represent a unique cell population, first of all, due to their development. Most of the liver macrophages belong to the self-sustaining macrophage cell population, whose origin is not bone marrow. In addition, Kupffer cells are involved in such processes as regulation of hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis, remodeling of the intercellular matrix, lipid metabolism, protective function, etc. Such a broad spectrum of liver macrophage functions indicates their high functional plasticity. The Recent data on the development, phenotypic and functional plasticity, and participation in the reparative processes of liver macrophages: resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) and bone marrow-derived macrophages were summarized.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Neutrophils and Angiogenesis in Cancer
Tumor angiogenesis is one of the most critical steps in the progression of cancer. Owing to its fundamental role in tumor growth and metastasis, tumor angiogenesis is accepted to be a limiting factor and considered a powerful therapeutic target. Neutrophils contribute to the tumor progression via multiple mechanisms, ranging from the direct support of tumor cell survival to the immunosuppression. A strong body of evidence suggests that neutrophils also play a prominent role in tumor angiogenesis.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Geographic Information System and Atomized Transportation Modes
Transportation is a spatial activity. The geographic Information System (GIS) is the process of capturing, managing, analyzing, and presenting spatial data. GIS techniques are essential to the study of various aspects of transportation. In this entry, the state of knowledge regarding atomized transportation modes is presented. Atomized transportation modes are defined as transportation modes which deal with low passenger numbers.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Tick-Borne Diseases in Cattle
Ticks are obligate blood feeding arthropods. They carry bacteria, helminths, protozoa, and viruses that are pathogenic to their vertebrate hosts, including humans, domestic and wild animals. Ticks transfer pathogens from their gut to the host bloodstream by their saliva. Different categories of tick-borne pathogens cause diseases in either human or domestic animals or both. Ticks and tick-borne diseases such as babesiosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever pose a significant threat to animal and human health. Tick-borne diseases cause billions of dollars of losses to livestock farmers annually. These losses are partially attributed to the lack of sensitive, robust, cost effective and efficient diagnostic approaches that could detect the infectious pathogen at the early stages of illness. The modern nucleic acid-based multiplex diagnostic approaches have been developed in human medicine but are still absent in veterinary medicine. These powerful assays can screen 384 patient samples at one time, simultaneously detect numerous infectious pathogens in each test sample and provide the diagnostic answer in a few hours. Development, commercialization, and wide use of such high throughput multiplex molecular assays in the cattle tick-borne disease surveillance will help in early detection and control of infectious pathogens in the animal reservoir before community spread and spillover to humans. Such approaches in veterinary medicine will save animal life, prevent billions of dollars of economic loss to cattle herders and reduce unwanted stress to both human and animal health care systems. 
  • 1.2K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Exosomes in Alpha-Synucleinopathies
The pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein governs the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, collectively termed alpha-synucleinopathies. Alpha-synuclein can be released in the extracellular space, partly via exosomes, and this extracellular protein pool may contribute to disease progression by facilitating the spread of pathological alpha-synuclein or activating immune cells. The content of exosomes depends on their origin and includes specific proteins, lipids, functional mRNAs and various non-coding RNAs. Given their ability to mediate intercellular communication via the transport of multilevel information, exosomes are considered to be transporters of toxic agents. Beyond neurons, glial cells also release exosomes, which may contain inflammatory molecules and this glia-to-neuron or neuron-to-glia transmission of exosomal alpha-synuclein may contribute to the propagation of pathology and neuroinflammation throughout the brain. In addition, as their content varies as per their originating and recipient cells, these vesicles can be utilized as a diagnostic biomarker for early disease detection, whereas targeted exosomes may be used as scaffolds to deliver therapeutic agents into the brain.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Attachment Behaviour in Wolves
Attachment behaviour is a behaviour which is observed when an animal forms a strong bond to either a human or another animal. The behaviour of the animal that is seeking to be close to its either a human or another animal is characterized as attachment behaviour. Bowlby and Ainsworth were the first to describe attachment behaviour in humans. Since then the theory has been applied to other animals and their caregivers and to animal relationships with each other. This bond is often formed as the caregiver provides the essentials for life, such as food and security. Many studies have shown that dogs show attachment behaviour to their human caregivers. Wolves are highly social animals and their social interactions in their packs fit the criteria of attachment behaviour. As dogs are closely related to wolves many investigators have studied wolf attachment behaviour to humans. Wolves that were raised for 3–7 weeks showed attachment behaviour to their human caregivers. This attachment behaviour was characterized by preferring to be close to their human caregiver, by seeking contact, and by greeting the caregiver more frequently compared to a stranger. As the wolf is a non-domesticated animal this is an example of attachment behaviour without domestication. Another study showed that wolves that were hand-reared for 16 weeks of their lives by human caregivers showed attachment behaviour to a stranger rather than their caregiver.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fruit Plants in the Management of Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by a lack of insulin action and/or generation. Discrepancies in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism can emerge due to the insufficiency of insulin. Low insulin levels, insulin resistance in target tissues, insulin-receptor expression, especially in adipose tissue and skeletal muscles, and to a lesser extent in the liver, effector enzymes, and/or signal transduction system all can play vital roles in metabolic disorders. Herbal products, such as fruit, seed, bark, fruit peel, and leaf, are always considered as promising sources of bioactive phytochemicals to treat different ailments including diabetes, pain, fever, cancer, hypertension, and so on. Phytomedicines are believed to be sanctified with lesser side effect, and thus, almost 80% of drug moieties are directly plant-extracted or their modified versions. Fruits are one of the most notable natural sources which provide fiber, minerals, vitamins, and many other essential nutrients which are included in daily diets. Fruits are also rich sources of flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, carotenoids, isothiocyanates, and several other bioactive phytochemicals. Fruits are thought to be useful in the management of diabetes, cancer, obesity, and other disease states, including cardiovascular complications. From ancient Chinese therapies to modern approaches, local fruits are heavily incorporated to treat diabetic patients. Ayurveda medicines in the Indian subcontinent, including Bangladesh, also use a wide variety of locally produced fruits. It is believed that fruits and other plant parts can exhibit antidiabetic potential through several mechanism of actions.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Food Plant Secondary Metabolites Antiviral Activity
Natural products and plant extracts exhibit many biological activities, including that related to the defense mechanisms against parasites. The pandemic emergencies have further increased the interest in finding antiviral agents, and efforts are oriented to investigate possible activities of secondary plant metabolites against human viruses and their potential application in treating or preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Potential Alternative Resources for Rare Earth Elements
Seventeen elements in the periodic table including fifteen lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) and Sc, as well as Y are often collectively referred to as rare earth elements (REE). The depleting REE ores and increasing mining costs are prompting us to consider alternative sources for these valuable metals, particularly from waste streams. Although REE concentrations in most of the alternative resources are lower than current REE ores, some sources including marine sediments, coal ash, and industrial wastes, such as red mud, are emerging as promising with significant concentrations of REE.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Nano-Gels in Skin Cancer
Nano-gels, a dual combination of hydrogels and nanoparticles, have demonstrated significant promise as a targeted drug delivery system in the treatment of cancer, attributing to excellent drug loading capacity. Skin disorders, the 4th foremost source of non-fatal diseases, are frequently the outward manifestation of more serious systemic illnesses, such as HIV, and neglected tropical diseases, such as elephantiasis and other ailments causing lymphedema.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Apr 2023
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