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Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Stroke Care
Stroke is an emergency for which delays in treatment can lead to significant loss of neurological function and be fatal. Technologies that increase the speed and accuracy of stroke diagnosis or assist in post-stroke rehabilitation can improve patient outcomes. No resource exists that comprehensively assesses artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML)-enabled technologies indicated for the management of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Surface Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
The surface functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has witnessed significant progress recently, revolutionizing their utility in multimodal imaging, drug delivery, and catalysis. This progression, spanning over the last decade, has unfolded in discernible phases, each marked by distinct advancements and paradigm shifts. In the early stage, emphasis was placed on foundational techniques, such as ligand exchange and organic coatings, establishing the groundwork for innovations to come.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Circular Material Usage Strategies and Principles in Buildings
Building construction accounts for a significant proportion of global greenhouse gas emissions, raw material extraction, and waste production. Applying circular economy (CE) principles in the building construction industry would considerably reduce these values. However, uptake by the industry is relatively slow, which is largely attributed to sectoral barriers, including limitations in knowledge and experience.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Circular Operations Management in Higher Education
The circular economy relates to sustainability challenges involving waste and pollution elimination, the circulation of physical products and materials (minimizing economic loss), and the regeneration of nature. Operations management is crucial for leading and conducting the necessary business processes and operations to facilitate these efforts. In light of these sustainability demands, there is a need for Higher Education (HE) students to gain the essential knowledge and skills beyond disciplinary expertise in isolation, to promote sustainable development now and in their future careers. Additionally, considering sustainability issues in HE provides stimulating and pertinent learning challenges that can enhance student learning outcomes, motivation, and engagement.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Geopolitical and Ethnocultural Integration of the Ferghana Valley
The Fergana Valley, a strategically significant and culturally rich region in Central Asia, exemplifies the complex interplay of modern international relations amidst geopolitical and ethno-cultural integration. This paper explores the fundamental principles guiding international interactions in the valley, considering the historical context, current geopolitical dynamics, and the unique cultural mosaic of its population. Key themes include the impact of regional power shifts, the role of transnational organizations, and the influence of ethno-cultural identities on diplomatic engagements. By analyzing case studies of cooperation and conflict, the paper highlights how integration efforts shape political stability, economic development, and social cohesion in the Fergana Valley. This study aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the region's international relations framework, offering insights into effective strategies for fostering harmonious and sustainable integration in a geopolitically sensitive and culturally diverse landscape.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Jan 2025
Topic Review
PacBio SMRT Sequencing for Human Telomere Sequence
This article describes the challenges of sequencing human telomeres and the advantages of using PacBio SMRT sequencing for telomere genome analysis.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Construction Labor Productivity Monitoring
Construction labor productivity (CLP) is a critical measure of efficiency in the construction industry. CLP monitoring entails tracking, measuring, and evaluating labor productivity to identify areas for improvement and ensure that project objectives are accomplished. 
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Crop Response to Soil Salinity Stress
Soil salinity is a serious problem facing many countries globally, especially those with semi-arid and arid climates. Soil salinity can have negative influences on soil microbial activity as well as many chemical and physical soil processes, all of which are crucial for soil health, fertility, and productivity. Soil salinity can negatively affect physiological, biochemical, and genetic attributes of cultivated plants as well. Plants have a wide variety of responses to salinity stress and are classified as sensitive (e.g., carrot and strawberry), moderately sensitive (grapevine), moderately tolerant (wheat) and tolerant (barley and date palm) to soil salinity depending on the salt content required to cause crop production problems.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
MiRNA–RBP Binding Functions
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short-chain RNAs of 18–22 nt chain length, are expressed in all vertebrates and control tissue development, differentiation, cell growth, and apoptosis in non-cancer and cancer cells. Additionally, miRNAs target mRNAs on the basis of their sequence and decrease protein production by inhibiting mRNA translation or destroying the mRNAs, thereby controlling cellular homeostasis. miRNA expression is controlled through DNA modification, such as by methylation and transcriptional factors through the signal-transduction pathway. miRNAs are transcribed as pri-mature from DNA and are then processed by the Drosha complex, thus generating pre-miRNAs. These pre-miRNAs are transported by exportin 5 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and further processed by Dicer to form the double-stranded miRNA RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). RISCs involving single-strand miRNAs, comprising Ago, Dicer, and trans-activation-responsive RNA-binding protein (TRBP) 2, are directed to the mRNA targets, thus regulating protein expressions. To date, the bioinformatics databases TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_72/, 26 September 2021) and miRTarBase (http://mirtarbase.cuhk.edu.cn/php/index.php, 26 September 2021) have been used to predict the interaction between miRNAs and target mRNAs.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cellular Senescence in the Kidneys
Cellular senescence is a state of cell cycle arrest induced by repetitive cell mitoses or different stresses, which is implicated in various physiological or pathological processes. The beneficial or adverse effects of senescent cells depend on their transitory or persistent state. Recently, an increase in senescent cell burden has been reported in renal disorders. Here, we will summarize the molecular mechanisms of senescence and their implication in renal diseases. We will also discuss the differential impacts of transient versus persistent status of cellular senescence.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Graphene Sensors
Graphene is one of the most promising materials for gas-sensor applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Plant Photorespiratory Metabolism
Photorespiration (PR) is a metabolic repair pathway that acts in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms to degrade a toxic product of oxygen fixation generated by the enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Within the metabolic pathway, energy is consumed and carbon dioxide released.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Electron beam modification (EBM)
Vacuum cathodic arc TiN coatings with overlaying TiO2 film were deposited on polished and surface roughened by electron beam modification (EBM) Ti6Al4V alloy. The substrate microtopography consisted of long grooves formed by the liner scan of the electron beam with appropriate frequencies (500 (AR500) and 850 (AR850) Hz). EBM transformed the α + β Ti6Al4V mixed structure into a single α’-martensite phase. Тhe gradient TiN/TiO2 films deposited on mechanically polished (AR) and EBM (AR500 and AR850) alloys share the same surface chemistry and composition (almost stoichiometric TiN, anatase and rutile in different ratios) but exhibit different topographies (Sa equal to approximately 0.62, 1.73, and 1.08 μm, respectively) over areas of 50 × 50 μm. Although the nanohardness of the coatings on AR500 and AR850 alloy (approximately 10.45 and 9.02 GPa, respectively) was lower than that measured on the film deposited on AR alloy (about 13.05 GPa), the hybrid surface treatment offered improvement in critical adhesive loads, coefficient of friction, and wear-resistance of the surface. In phosphate buffer saline, all coated samples showed low corrosion potentials and passivation current densities, confirming their good corrosion protection. The coated EBM samples cultured with human osteoblast-like MG63 cells demonstrated increased cell attachment, viability, and bone mineralization activity especially for the AR500-coated alloy, compared to uncoated polished alloy. The results underline the synergetic effect between the sub-micron structure and composition of TiN/TiO2 coating and microarchitecture obtained by EBM. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Integrin α6β4 in Colorectal Cancer
Integrin α6β4 is one of the main laminin receptors and is primarily expressed by epithelial cells as an active component of hemidesmosomes. In this article, after a brief summary about integrins in the gut epithelium in general, I review the knowledge and clinical potential of this receptor in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Most CRC cells overexpress both α6 and β4 subunits, in situ in primary tumours as well as in established CRC cell lines. The mechanisms that lead to overexpression have not yet been elucidated but clearly involve specific transcription factors such as MYC. From a functional point of view, one key element affecting CRC cell behaviour is the relocalization of α6β4 to the actin cytoskeleton, favouring a more migratory and anoikis-resistant phenotype. 
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Polymer-Based Thermal Management Material
The thermally conductive polymer is usually categorized into the intrinsic thermally conductive polymers and the thermally conductive polymer composites.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Promoting Sustainability through Regional Food and Wine Pairing
Sustainable development has been growingly recognized as important in the scope of tourism and hospitality industry practices. Gastronomic tourism associated with regional food-and wine pairing helps the emerging of higher quality services and contributes to the sustainability of tourist destinations.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Trans-Spinal Electrical Stimulation Therapy for Rehabilitation after SCI
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most debilitating injuries in the world. Complications after SCI, such as respiratory issues, bowel/bladder incontinency, pressure ulcers, autonomic dysreflexia, spasticity, pain, etc., lead to immense suffering, a remarkable reduction in life expectancy, and even premature death. Traditional rehabilitations for people with SCI are often insignificant or ineffective due to the severity and complexity of the injury. Two most promising noninvasive spinal cord electrical stimulation methods of SCI rehabilitation treatment, namely, trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) and trans-spinal pulsed current stimulation (tsPCS).
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Organizational Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment in University
Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) is an approach utilized for products to analyze their sustainability indicators. Organizational life cycle sustainability assessment (OLCSA) is a new approach adopted from the LCSA framework, which consists of LCA + LCC + S-LCA. Similarly, O-LCSA comprises O-LCA + E-LCC + SO-LCA. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress and Loneliness
Since the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic, the virus and the related restriction measures such as lockdown and social distancing have resulted in adverse psychological impacts. Research has reported an increase in depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as worry and stress during the pandemic.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Polyploidy and Ploidy Alterations in Hepatocytes
Polyploidy, a condition in which more than two sets of chromosomes are present in a cell, is a characteristic feature of hepatocytes. A significant number of hepatocytes physiologically undergo polyploidization at a young age. Polyploidization of hepatocytes is enhanced with age and in a diseased liver. It is worth noting that polyploid hepatocytes can proliferate, in marked contrast to other types of polyploid cells, such as megakaryocytes and cardiac myocytes. Polyploid hepatocytes divide to maintain normal liver homeostasis and play a role in the regeneration of the damaged liver. Furthermore, polyploid hepatocytes have been shown to dynamically reduce ploidy during liver regeneration. Although it is still unclear why hepatocytes undergo polyploidization, accumulating evidence has revealed that alterations in the ploidy in hepatocytes are involved in the pathophysiology of liver cirrhosis and carcinogenesis. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2022
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