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Topic Review
MALAT-1 Modulates Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer
Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript-1 (MALAT-1) is a long intergenic non-coding RNA (lncRNA) located on chr11q13. It is overexpressed in several cancers and controls gene expression through chromatin modification, transcriptional regulation, and post-transcriptional regulation. Importantly, MALAT-1 stimulates cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis and serves a vital role in driving the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), subsequently acquiring cancer stem cell-like properties and developing drug resistance. MALAT-1 modulates EMT by interacting with various intracellular signaling pathways, notably the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. It also behaves like a sponge for microRNAs, preventing their interaction with target genes and promoting EMT. 
  • 466
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
DNA Methylation for Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most frequent cancer worldwide and is associated with high mortality when diagnosed in its most aggressive form, which is not reverted by the current treatment options. The disruption of normal epigenetic mechanisms, namely, DNA methylation, is a known early event in cancer development. Consequently, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors constitute a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of BC.
  • 465
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
APRO Family Proteins in Cancer Invasiveness
The APRO family members may be involved in the regulation of cell growth, migration, and/or invasion. Although an APRO protein could suppress the invasiveness of several cancer cells, it has been reported that overexpression of the same APRO protein could also promote the invasiveness and/or metastasis of the same cancer cells. In general, the invasiveness of cancer cells might be associated with the function of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as well as with the function of certain exosomes. However, it has been shown that exosomes involving particular APRO proteins, MMPs, and/or microRNA could contribute to the regulation of invasiveness.
  • 465
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Lessons from nc886
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs or long ncRNAs, have brought about a new paradigm in the regulation of gene expression. Sequencing technologies have detected transcripts with tremendous sensitivity and throughput and revealed that the majority of them lack protein-coding potential. Numerous papers on ncRNAs claim a role of ncRNAs they studied. However, it should be carefully evaluated whether the alleged role of an ncRNA is based on concrete data from correctly performed experiments. Here the story about a ncRNA, nc886, will provide lessons and guidelines to study an ncRNA.  
  • 464
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
PTSD Understanding and Treatment
Memories are a central aspect of our lives, but the mechanisms underlying their formation, consolidation, retrieval, and extinction remain poorly understood.
  • 464
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Biological Role of FAM111A and FAM111B
Proteases are critical enzymes in cellular processes that regulate intricate events like cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. FAM111A is implicated in DNA replication and replication fork protection, thereby maintaining genome integrity. Additionally, FAM111A functions as an antiviral factor against DNA and RNA viruses. FAM111B, a paralog of FAM111A, participates in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. It influences the apoptotic pathway by upregulating anti-apoptotic proteins and modulating cell cycle-related proteins. Furthermore, FAM111B’s association with nucleoporins suggests its involvement in nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking and plays a role in maintaining normal telomere length. FAM111A and FAM111B also exhibit some interconnectedness and functional similarity despite their distinct roles in cellular processes and associated diseases resulting from their dysfunction. 
  • 464
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Functionalization of OMVs for Biocatalytic Applications
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are miniature versions of gram-negative bacteria that contain almost the same content as their parent cells, particularly in terms of membrane composition. Using OMVs as biocatalysts is a promising approach due to their potential benefits, including their ability to be handled similarly to bacteria while lacking potentially pathogenic organisms. To employ OMVs as biocatalysts, they must be functionalized with immobilized enzymes to the OMV platform. Various enzyme immobilization techniques are available, including surface display and encapsulation, each with advantages and disadvantages depending on the objectives. 
  • 460
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Myocardial Injury and Healing Response
Increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease and potentially life-threatening complications of myocardial infarction (MI) has led to emerging therapeutic approaches focusing on myocardial regeneration and restoration of physiologic function following infarction. Extracellular vesicle (EV) technology has gained attention owing to the biological potential to modulate cellular immune responses and promote the repair of damaged tissue. Also, EVs are involved in local and distant cellular communication following damage and play an important role in initiating the repair process. Vesicles derived from stem cells and cardiomyocytes (CM) are of particular interest due to their ability to promote cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis following MI. 
  • 454
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Arginine Methyltransferases in Inflammatory Responses
The immune system protects our body from bacteria, viruses, and toxins and removes malignant cells. Activation of immune cells requires the onset of a network of important signaling proteins. Methylation of these proteins affects their structure and biological function. Under stimulation, T cells, B cells, and other immune cells undergo activation, development, proliferation, differentiation, and manufacture of cytokines and antibodies. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), a group of methyltransferases with a seven β-strand set, methylate proteins on arginine residues.
  • 454
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Melanoma
Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are key regulators of numerous intracellular processes leading to tumorigenesis. They are frequently deregulated in cancer, functioning as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. As they act through multiple mechanisms, it is not surprising that they may exert dual functions in the same tumor. In melanoma, a highly invasive and metastatic tumor with the propensity to rapidly develop drug resistance, LncRNAs play different roles in: (i) guiding the phenotype switch and leading to metastasis formation; (ii) predicting the response of melanoma patients to immunotherapy; (iii) triggering adaptive responses to therapy and acquisition of drug resistance phenotypes.
  • 450
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Properties of the DNA Damage Response Mre11/Rad50 Complex
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are a significant threat to cell viability due to the induction of genome instability and the potential loss of genetic information. One of the key players for early DNA damage response is the conserved Mre11/Rad50 Nbs1/Xrs2 (MRN/X) complex, which is quickly recruited to the DNA ruptured ends and is required for their tethering and their subsequent repair via different pathways. The MRN/X complex associates with several other proteins to exert its functions, but it also exploits sophisticated internal dynamic properties to orchestrate the several steps required to address the damage. 
  • 450
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
MiRNA-146a
miRNA-146a, a single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecule, has emerged as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for numerous pathological conditions. Its primary function lies in regulating inflammatory processes, haemopoiesis, allergic responses, and other key aspects of the innate immune system.
  • 449
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Targeting Signalling Pathways in Chronic Wound Healing
Chronic wounds fail to achieve complete closure and are an economic burden to healthcare systems due to the limited treatment options and constant medical attention. Chronic wounds are characterised by dysregulated signalling pathways.
  • 447
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
DNA Damage Associated with Defective Genomic Recombination
During tissue turnover, the telomeres of cells undergoing differentiation can be damaged as a consequence of defective DNA repair caused by endogenous or exogenous agents. This may result in the emergence of new mechanism of telomere maintenance which is the final outcome of DNA damage and the initial signal that triggers malignant transformation. Instead, transformation of stem cells is directly induced by primary derangement of telomere maintenance mechanisms. The newly modified telomere complex may promote survival of cancer stem cells, independently of telomere maintenance. An inherent resistance of stem cells to transformation may be linked to specific, robust mechanisms that help maintain telomere integrity.
  • 444
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Distinctive Patterns of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a serious and debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder that typically occurs in early adulthood. DNA methylation, a critical epigenetic modification, contributes to alter gene expression without affecting the underlying genomic sequences; 5-methycytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxylcytosine (5hmC) are two major forms of DNA methylation in mammals.
  • 444
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Phytonutrients in Epidemiological Studies
Phytonutrients are non-essential nutrients present in natural plants that are beneficial to human health. The phytonutrients contained in each plant are different. Among them, important phytonutrients include polyphenols, carotenoids, anthocyanins, chlorogenic acid and curcumin, which can regulate the physiological functions of the human body. Consuming phytonutrients through the diet may improve health and prevent chronic degenerative conditions including cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological illnesses. Biomarkers are a type of useful tools for determining the bioavailability of phytonutrients in humans, and their concentration in plasma, serum, or urine is the major indicator of a phytonutrient’s status. There are also emerging biomarkers from recent work in this field, such as stool polyphenols, breastmilk carotenoids, or macular pigment density for lutein and zeaxanthin. Research evidence based on biomarkers and epidemiological studies can effectively guide nutritional supplementation.
  • 437
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Interrelation between Prostate Cancer, Androgen Receptor, and Cholesterol
Antineoplastic therapies for prostate cancer (PCa) have traditionally centered around the androgen receptor (AR) pathway, which has demonstrated a significant role in oncogenesis. Cholesterol is one of the lipids that has great relevance due to its role in the structure of the cell membrane as well as in signaling pathways linked to the AR pathway, not only due to its precursor role in the generation of androgens, which are the main AR ligands used as a target for therapies.
  • 435
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Melanoma Antigen Family A in Bladder Cancer
The Melanoma Antigen Gene (MAGE) belongs to the larger family of cancer testis antigens. The MAGEA family were the first tumor-associated antigens identified at the molecular level whose expression was consistent in most human cancers and germinal cells. Aberrant expression of MAGEA family is noted in a majority of human malignancies, where they are associated with increased cancer cell proliferation, survival, and resistance to various therapies. This makes them an ideal biomarker and attractive therapeutic target in designing novel therapies.
  • 434
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Medical Aspects of mTOR Inhibition in Kidney Transplantation
The advances in transplant immunosuppression have reduced substantially the incidence of kidney graft rejection. The focus has moved from preventing rejection to preventing the long-term consequences of long-standing immunosuppression, including nephrotoxicity induced by calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), as well as infectious and neoplastic complications. Since the appearance in the late 1990s of mTOR inhibitors (mTORi), these unmet needs in immunosuppression management could be addressed thanks to their benefits (reduced rate of viral infections and cancer). 
  • 431
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide. The likelihood of developing a neurodegenerative disease rises dramatically as life expectancy increases. Although it has drawn significant attention, there is still a lack of proper effective treatments for neurodegenerative disease because the mechanisms of its development and progression are largely unknown. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small bi-lipid layer-enclosed nanosized particles in tissues and biological fluids. EVs are emerging as novel intercellular messengers and regulate a series of biological responses. Increasing evidence suggests that EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.
  • 430
  • 11 Sep 2023
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