Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Pollution Biomarkers for Marine Biodiversity
Marine biodiversity is threatened by several anthropogenic pressures. Pollution deriving from the discharge of chemical contaminants in the sea represents one of the main threats to the marine environment, influencing the health of organisms, their ability to recover their homeostatic status, and in turn endangering biodiversity. Molecular and cellular responses to chemical pollutants, known as biomarkers, are effect-based methodologies useful for detecting exposure and for assessing the effects of pollutants on biota in environmental monitoring. Pollution biomarkers can be useful tools for monitoring and assessment of pollution threats to marine biodiversity, both in the environmental quality monitoring of protected areas and the assessment of the health status of species at risk.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cytokine Storm Syndrome in SARS-CoV-2
Cytokine storm syndrome is a cascade of escalated immune responses disposing the immune system to exhaustion, which might ultimately result in organ failure and fatal respiratory distress. Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 can result in uncontrolled production of cytokines and eventually the development of cytokine storm syndrome. Mast cells may react to viruses in collaboration with other cells and lung autopsy findings from patients that died from the coronavirus disease that emerged in 2019 (COVID-19) showed accumulation of mast cells in the lungs that was thought to be the cause of pulmonary edema, inflammation, and thrombosis. 
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmatic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis
Antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a group of rare autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammation of the vascular wall. The pathogenesis of AAV is strongly associated with B cell-derived ANCAs; thus, Rituximab (RTX) has become a promising drug in the induction and maintenance treatment of AAV.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
3D Printing and Bioprinting for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering
Recent decades have seen a plethora of regenerating new tissues in order to treat a multitude of cardiovascular diseases. Autografts, xenografts and bioengineered extracellular matrices have been employed in this endeavor. However, current limitations of xenografts and exogenous scaffolds to acquire sustainable cell viability, anti-inflammatory and non-cytotoxic effects with anti-thrombogenic properties underline the requirement for alternative bioengineered scaffolds. Herein, we sought to encompass the methods of biofabricated scaffolds via 3D printing and bioprinting, the biomaterials and bioinks recruited to create biomimicked tissues of cardiac valves and vascular networks. Experimental and computational designing approaches have also been included. Moreover, the in vivo applications of the latest studies on the treatment of cardiovascular diseases have been compiled and rigorously discussed.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Glucocorticoid Resistance
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones that regulate the physiology of all mammalian tissues throughout life due to their diverse roles in development, growth, metabolism, and inflammation. In response to physiological cues and stressors, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis coordinates the systemic production and secretion of GCs from the adrenal glands in a circadian and stress-related manner to maintain tissue homeostasis. In turn, GCs mediate negative feed-back inhibiting secretion of the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), limiting GC production.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Human Adipose Tissue Physiology
In recent years, there has been a large amount of evidence on the role of microRNA (miRNA) in regulating adipose tissue physiology. Indeed, miRNAs control critical steps in adipocyte differentiation, proliferation and browning, as well as lipolysis, lipogenesis and adipokine secretion. Overnutrition leads to a significant change in the adipocyte miRNOME, resulting in adipose tissue dysfunction. Moreover, via secreted mediators, dysfunctional adipocytes may impair the function of other organs and tissues contributing to the development of obesity related compications.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
F-Box Protein
F-box genes can regulate plant growth and development, including hormone, root development, self-incompatibility, senescence, and response to abiotic and biotic stress.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cell Penetrating Peptides for Gene Therapy
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), also known as protein transduction domains (PTDs), first identified ~25 years ago, are small, 6–30 amino acid long, synthetic, or naturally occurring peptides, able to carry variety of cargoes across the cellular membranes in an intact, functional form. Since their initial description and characterization, the field of cell penetrating peptides as vectors has exploded. The cargoes they can deliver range from other small peptides, full-length proteins, nucleic acids including RNA and DNA, liposomes, nanoparticles, and viral particles as well as radioisotopes and other fluorescent probes for imaging purposes.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Breakthrough Era of CFTR Modulators
Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common genetic disease among the Caucasian population, is caused by mutations in the gene encoding for the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride epithelial channel whose dysfunction results in severe airway obstruction and inflammation, eventually leading to respiratory failure. The discovery of the CFTR gene in 1989 provided new insights into the basic genetic defect of CF and allowed the study of potential therapies targeting the aberrant protein. In recent years, the approval of “CFTR modulators”, the first molecules designed to selectively target the underlying molecular defects caused by specific CF-causing mutations, marked the beginning of a new era in CF treatment. These drugs have been demonstrated to significantly improve lung function and ameliorate the quality of life of many patients, especially those bearing the most common CFTR mutant F508del. However, a substantial portion of CF subjects, accounting for ~20% of the European CF population, carries rare CFTR mutations and is still not eligible for CFTR modulator therapy. Thus, the implementation of models to study the phenotype of these rare CFTR mutations and their response to currently approved drugs, as well as to compounds under research and clinical development, is of key importance. 
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Governance Framework for the Sea
The United Nations, in the context of its founding principles and in order to contribute to the preservation of peace and justice in all the countries, confirmed at the Geneva Conferences in 1958 and 1960 that there should be an acceptable convention for the law of the sea. The complete version of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was presented in 1982 in Montego Bay, Jamaica (https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Treaties.aspx?id=21&subid=0&lang=en&clang=_en (accessed on 8 May 2022)), entered into force in 1994, and is today the world’s most recognized maritime law regime. The central idea of the UNCLOS convention is that maritime problems are interconnected and should be tackled as a whole. The provisions of the UN convention apply to all areas of marine affairs, including the organization and development of productive activities and the emergence of marine entrepreneurship.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
CXCL1 in Noncancerous Diseases of Bone and Muscle
CXCL1 is a chemokine crucial in inflammation as a chemoattractant for neutrophils in physiology and in selected major non-cancer diseases. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Predicting Pavement Condition Index Using Fuzzy Logic Technique
The fuzzy logic technique is one of the effective approaches for evaluating flexible and rigid pavement distress. The process of classifying pavement distress is usually performed by visual inspection of the pavement surface or using data collected by automated distress measurement equipment. Fuzzy mathematics provides a convenient tool for incorporating subjective analysis, uncertainty in pavement condition index, and maintenance-needs assessment, and can greatly improve consistency and reduce subjectivity in this process.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Greco-Arabic Contribution to The Urolithiasis Management and Treatment
Many Greco-Arabic Muslim scientists have contributed to medicine and surgery in the diagnosis, surgery and natural medicines for the treatment of urolithiasis.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Alcohol-Induced Oxidative Stress for the Brain
Alcohol use disorders (AUD) is defined by the loss of control over alcohol intake and chronic, compulsive, heavy alcohol use despite adverse consequences. Among patients seeking treatment for AUD, the proportion of patients at treatment entry endorsing the criteria for pharmacological dependence was 63% for tolerance and 14% for withdrawal. Alcohol withdrawal (AW) syndrome is the combination of signs and symptoms occurring as soon as three to six hours after the last intake of alcohol in subjects with pharmacological dependence. The classical symptoms are tremor, perspiration, anxiety and adrenergic signs (hypertension, tachycardia). Untreated AW can lead to specific complications: delirium tremens (DT) and seizure. Several indirect complications of the adrenergic syndrome may also occur during an untreated AW syndrome as dehydration, cardiac failure or renal failure. Mortality reaches 8% in patients with AW syndrome hospitalized in intensive care units, because of any or the combination of those multiple organs complications. AW is still considered as a dangerous complication of undetected AUD during any surgery or medical inpatient treatment. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
National Association of Manufacturers
The National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) is an advocacy group headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, with additional offices across the country. It is the nation's largest manufacturing industrial trade association, representing 14,000 small and large manufacturing companies in every industrial sector and in all 50 states. Jay Timmons has led the organization as President and CEO since 2011. A 2018 article by Business Insider described the NAM as "a behemoth in the US capital, receiving unfettered access to the White House and top lawmakers on Capitol Hill." In 2018, House Ways and Means Chairman Kevin Brady commented that passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act would not have happened without leadership from the National Association of Manufacturers. President Donald Trump addressed the NAM board in 2017.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Soyuz TM-23
Soyuz TM-23 was a Soyuz spaceflight which launched on February 21, 1996, to Mir. The spacecraft launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome, and after two days of flight, Yuri Onufrienko and Yury Usachov docked with Mir and became the 21st resident crew of the Station. On September 2, 1996, after 191 days docked with Mir, the ship undocked with the launch crew and Claudie André-Deshays onboard, before eventually landing 107 km (66 mi) south west of Akmola, Kazakhstan.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Network Optimization in the Internet of Vehicles
The Internet of Things (IoT) has risen from ubiquitous computing to the Internet itself. Internet of vehicles (IoV) is the next emerging trend in IoT. People can build intelligent transportation systems (ITS) using IoV. However, overheads are imposed on IoV network due to a massive quantity of information being transferred from the devices connected in IoV. One such overhead is the network connection between the units of an IoV. To make an efficient ITS using IoV, optimization of network connectivity is required. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Adhesive Joint Design for Hybrid Automotive Wheel
When it comes to lightweight design of automotive wheels, hybrid designs consisting of a carbon composite wheel rim and a metallic, e.g., aluminum alloy, wheel disc offer significant potential. However, the conventionally used bolted joint between the two parts is complex and requires compromises in lightweight design due to the additional mechanical elements. An adhesive joint for a hybrid wheel is developed in order to demonstrate its performance and lightweight potential. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Platinum Resistance in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Platinum-based chemotherapy is the backbone of treatment for ovarian cancer, and although the majority of patients initially have a platinum-sensitive disease, through multiple recurrences, they will acquire resistance. Platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis and few treatment options with limited efficacy. Resistance to platinum compounds is a complex process involving multiple mechanisms pertaining not only to the tumoral cell but also to the tumoral microenvironment. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is an essential part of the cellular machinery responsible for maintaining intracellular protein homeostasis. A network of proteins that comprises the proteolytic system and chaperones calculates cellular protein homeostasis. Chaperones are in charge of correcting protein misfolding, but the proteolytic system, which converges on the 26S proteasome, is in charge of removing damaged or unfolded proteins to maintain a healthy environment inside the cell. Using proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology for targeted protein degradation, a novel technique of treatment is emerging that stems from an aberrant expression of a protein that causes disease. PROTAC molecules are tiny, bifunctional molecules that bind an E3-ubiquitin ligase and a target protein at the same time, causing ubiquitination and proteasome destruction of the target protein.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 May 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 2729
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback