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Topic Review
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in TBI
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. TBI can result when the head suddenly and violently impacts an object or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue. Secondary injuries after traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to impairments on cerebral oxygenation and autoregulation. Considering that secondary brain injuries often take place within the first hours after the trauma, noninvasive monitoring might be helpful in providing early information on the brain’s condition. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an emerging noninvasive monitoring modality based on chromophore absorption of infrared light with the capability of monitoring perfusion of the brain. This study investigates the main applications of NIRS in TBI monitoring and presents a thorough revision of those applications on oxygenation and autoregulation monitoring. Databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane library were utilized in identifying 72 publications spanning between 1977 and 2020 which were directly relevant to this study. The majority of the evidence found used NIRS for diagnosis applications, especially in oxygenation and autoregulation monitoring (59%).
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Botryosphaeriaceae and Citrus in Europe
Botryosphaeriaceae (Botryosphaeriales) include several species reported as endophytes, latent, and woody plant pathogens on a broad range of host. The most common symptoms observed in association with species of Botryosphaeriaceae are twig, branch and trunk cankers, die-back, collar rot, root cankers, gummosis, decline and, in severe cases, plant death.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Chromium-Induced Oxidative Stress in Plants
Chromium (Cr) is one of the top seven toxic heavy metals, being ranked 21st among the abundantly found metals in the earth’s crust. A huge amount of Cr releases from various industries and Cr mines, which is accumulating in the agricultural land, is significantly reducing crop development, growth, and yield. Chromium mediates phytotoxicity either by direct interaction with different plant parts and metabolic pathways or it generates internal stress by inducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, the role of Cr-induced ROS in phytotoxicity is very important. In the current study, we reviewed the most recent publications regarding Cr-induced ROS, Cr-induced alteration in the enzymatic antioxidant system, Cr-induced lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage, Cr-induced DNA damage and genotoxicity, Cr-induced ultrastructural changes in cell and subcellular level, and Cr-induced alterations in photosynthesis and photosynthetic apparatus. Taken together, we conclude that Cr-induced ROS and the suppression of the enzymatic antioxidant system actually mediate Cr-induced cytotoxic, genotoxic, ultrastructural, and photosynthetic changes in plants
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Microgrids for Energy Transition
International, national, and subnational laws and policies call for rapidly decarbonizing energy systems around the globe. This effort relies heavily on renewable electricity and calls for a transition that is: (i) flexible enough to accommodate existing and new electricity end uses and users; (ii) resilient in response to climate change and other threats to electricity infrastructure; (iii) cost-effective in comparison to alternatives; and (iv) just in the face of energy systems that are often the result of—or the cause of—procedural, distributive, and historical injustices. Acknowledging the intertwined roles of technology and policy, this entry provides a cross-disciplinary review of how microgrids may contribute to renewable electricity systems that are flexible, resilient, cost-effective, and just (including illustrative examples from Korea, California, New York, the European Union, and elsewhere). 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation and PI3K
Immune activation in the central nervous system involves mostly microglia in response to pathogen invasion or tissue damage, which react, promoting a self-limiting inflammatory response aimed to restore homeostasis. However, prolonged, uncontrolled inflammation may result in the production by microglia of neurotoxic factors that lead to the amplification of the disease state and tissue damage. In particular, specific inducers of inflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases activate inflammatory processes that result in the production of a number of mediators and cytokines that enhance neurodegenerative processes. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) constitute a family of enzymes regulating a wide range of activity, including signal transduction. 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Tumors
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are most often located in the lung and in the digestive tract. They are defined by the expression of specific biomarkers, such as synaptophysin and chromogranin A (CGA), which can be absent in high-grade NEN. Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Tumors are a subgroup of NEN presenting with well-differentiated morphology and high proliferation rate (Ki-67>20%).
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Transdermal Delivery of Chemotherapeutics
Chemotherapeutic drugs are primarily administered to cancer patients via oral or parenteral routes. The use of transdermal drug delivery could potentially be a better alternative to decrease the dose frequency and severity of adverse or toxic effects associated with oral or parenteral administration of chemotherapeutic drugs. The transdermal delivery of drugs has shown to be advantageous for the treatment of highly localized tumors in certain types of breast and skin cancers. In addition, the transdermal route can be used to deliver low-dose chemotherapeutics in a sustained manner. The transdermal route can also be utilized for vaccine design in cancer management, for example, vaccines against cervical cancer. However, the design of transdermal formulations may be challenging in terms of the conjugation chemistry of the molecules and the sustained and reproducible delivery of therapeutically efficacious doses.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Sustainability Development in Educational Institutions
Sustainable development (SD) addresses the biggest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. Public sector organizations, primarily higher education institutions (HEIs), are facing greater levels of responsibility since adopting and committing to the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development (SD) and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). HEIs are expected to provide guidance for various stakeholders on this matter, but also to implement this agenda and the SDGs in their institutions.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
CL Biosynthesis and Functions
The heart is the most energy-consuming organ in the human body. In heart failure, the homeostasis of energy supply and demand is endangered by an increase in cardiomyocyte workload, or by an insufficiency in energy-providing processes. Energy metabolism is directly associated with mitochondrial redox homeostasis. The production of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) may overwhelm mitochondrial and cellular ROS defense mechanisms in case of heart failure. Mitochondria are essential cell organelles and provide 95% of the required energy in the heart. Metabolic remodeling, changes in mitochondrial structure or function, and alterations in mitochondrial calcium signaling diminish mitochondrial energy provision in many forms of cardiomyopathy. The mitochondrial respiratory chain creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which couples respiration with oxidative phosphorylation and the preservation of energy in the chemical bonds of ATP. Akin to other mitochondrial enzymes, the respiratory chain is integrated into the inner mitochondrial membrane. The tight association with the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) ensures its structural integrity and coordinates enzymatic activity. This review focuses on how changes in mitochondrial CL may be associated with heart failure. Dysfunctional CL has been found in diabetic cardiomyopathy, ischemia reperfusion injury and the aging heart. Barth syndrome (BTHS) is caused by an inherited defect in the biosynthesis of cardiolipin. Moreover, a dysfunctional CL pool causes other types of rare inherited cardiomyopathies, such as Sengers syndrome and Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Ataxia (DCMA). Here we review the impact of cardiolipin deficiency on mitochondrial functions in cellular and animal models. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial HSP70 Chaperone System
Mitochondrial HSP70 (mtHSP70/GRP75/HSPA9/PBP74), also called mortalin, is an essential protein belonging to the HSP70 sub-family which has great importance for mitochondrial biogenesis and the correct functioning of the whole cellular machinery.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Thermal Comfort and Sleep Quality
Human comfort is determined based on their comfort level and overall satisfaction with the thermal environments. A stable core body temperature at about 37°C and maintained through a process that called Thermoregulation. In the process, the body would adjust to the thermal surrounding through efferent responses such as sweating or triggering adaptive action to be taken by each individual such as drinking water, having bath or etc. This is done so that are a certain level of comfort is reached in the cognitive process of a human that is called thermal comfort where comfort with surrounding temperature is archived physically, physiologically and psychologically.  Sleep is one of the most important aspects in daily life of a human being. It is classified into a few different stages, mainly Stage N1, N2, N3 and REM. This cycle alternates a few times during the whole sleep. An extreme cold environment would result in disrupted sleep quality as well as extreme hot environment. Thus, evaluating both thermal comfort and sleep quality are equally as important. In investigating thermal comfort with sleep quality, the method of questionnaire evaluation on the comfort of an individual have been the most used, since the thermal comfort considered as an individual perception. However, as the technology advances, other type of assessments are also used in addition to the traditional questionnaire evaluation method.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Sep 2021
Topic Review
SPE/DLLME for Determining Plasticizer Residues
This entry aims to compare two extraction procedures for the analysis of phthalates (PAE) in hot drinks collected from vending machines, usually coffee and tea. The two analytical procedures rely on solid phase extraction (SPE) using C18 cartridge and ultrasound and vortex assisted liquid-liquid dispersive microextraction (DLLME) to mechanically improve dispersion, each followed by a routine analytical method such as GC- FID. Seven phthalates (DMP, DEP, DiBP, DBP, DEHP, DOP, DDP) were analyzed and determined. All analytical parameters (i.e., recovery, limit of detection, limit of quantification, enrichment factors, repeatability, reproducibility) were studied and discussed, as well as the matrix effect. The whole procedure was applied to hot drink matrices, for example coffee, decaffeinated coffee.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cytoskeleton Reorganization in EndMT
EndMT-derived cells, known as the myofibroblasts or cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), are characterized by the loss of cell–cell junctions, loss of endothelial markers, and gain in mesenchymal ones.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Chitosan as an Underrated Polymer in Tissue Engineering
Chitosan is one of the most well-known and characterized materials applied in tissue engineering. Due to its unique chemical, biological and physical properties chitosan is frequently used as the main component in a variety of biomaterials such as membranes, scaffolds, drug carriers, hydrogels and, lastly, as a component of bio-ink dedicated to medical applications. Chitosan’s chemical structure and presence of active chemical groups allow for modification for tailoring material to meet specific requirements according to intended use such as adequate endurance, mechanical properties or biodegradability time.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Nov 2021
Topic Review
AUTS2 Gene
AUTS2 is a large gene spanning 1.2 M bases on human chromosome 7q11.22 (A). It consists of 19 exons, the first 6 of which are separated by long introns at the 5′ end, whilst the remaining 13 are compact with clustered smaller introns at the 3′ end. The full-lengthAUTS2transcript encodes a protein with 1259 amino acids (aa) in humans (NM_015570) and 1261 aa in mice (NM_177047), although various isoforms are generated by alternative splicing and multiple transcription start sites (TSS).
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Phosphorus in Wastewater in the Form of Polyphosphates
As non-renewable resource, the recovery and utilization of phosphorus from wastewater is an enduring topic. Stimulated by the advances in research on polyphosphates (polyP) as well as the development of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) technology to achieve the efficient accumulation of polyP via polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs), a novel phosphorus removal strategy is considered with promising potential for application in real wastewater treatment processes. This entry mainly focuses on the mechanism of phosphorus aggregation in the form of polyP during the phosphate removal process. Further discussion about the reuse of polyP with different chain lengths is provided herein so as to suggest possible application pathways for this biosynthetic product.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Systems Thinking and Leadership of Teachers in ESD
Systems thinking in education for sustainable development (ESD) is defined as the ability of teachers to comprehend and solve problems thoroughly by using components and interconnecting those involved in the system. Teachers’ leadership refers to the ability of teachers to influence co-workers, superiors, parents, and other members of the school community to improve teaching and learning practices in order to enhance students’ learning and achievement in ESD.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
FDI and Institutions in BRIC and CIVETS Countries
Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows refer to the net capital inflows invested for the acquisition of at least 10% of an enterprise’s voting stock, assuming that this enterprise operates in an economy different than the investor’s country. In recent years, a number of countries with emerging economies have proceeded to use market-oriented strategies, deregulation and reforms in order to attract more foreign investors and attract FDI inflows.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Erythropoietin for Newborn Infants
Erythropoietin (Epo) is a 30.4 kDa glycoprotein and pleiotropic cytokine, first described by Carnot in 1906 and isolated by Goldwasser and Kung in 1971, successfully produced for clinical use.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Barrier Membrane in Regenerative Therapy
Guided bone and tissue regeneration remains an integral treatment modality to regenerate bone surrounding teeth and dental implants. Barrier membranes have been developed and produced commercially to allow space for bone regeneration and prevent the migration of unwanted cells. Ideal membrane properties, including biocompatibility, sufficient structural integrity and suitable shelf life with easy clinical application, are important to ensure good clinical regenerative outcomes. Membranes have various types, and their clinical application depends on the origin, material, structure and properties. 
  • 1.2K
  • 11 May 2022
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