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Topic Review
Membrane-Bound Amyloids
Many reports suggest that the toxic properties of amyloid aggregates are correlated with their ability to damage cell membranes. However, the molecular mechanisms causing toxic amyloid/membrane interactions are still far to be completely elucidated. This review aims at describing the mutual relationships linking abnormal protein conformational transition and self-assembly into amyloid aggregates with membrane damage.
  • 493
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Action of lncRNAs Mediated by RBPs in NSCLC
LncRNAs can alter gene expression and/or its functions by acting as miRNA spongers, via a direct interaction of lncRNAs with mRNAs or binding to RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). RBPs were shown to regulate mRNA expression and stability at the post-transcriptional level. RBPs combine a flexible structure with a versatile RNA-binding domain. These properties allow RBPs to engage in highly dynamic interactions both with other proteins as well as with coding and non-coding RNAs, leading to ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) being formed. RNPs regulate RNA splicing, polyadenylation, stability, localization, translation, and degradation. In non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), lncRNAs can regulate the levels and stability of target mRNAs by binding RBPs to form RNP complexes, as was demonstrated in a number of examples.
  • 493
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
MS-Based Phosphoproteomics for FLT3-Dependent Pathogenesis
FLT3 mutations are the most frequently identified genetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are associated with poor clinical outcome, relapse and chemotherapeutic resistance. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying FLT3-dependent pathogenesis and drug resistance is a crucial goal of biomedical research. Given the complexity and intricacy of protein signaling networks, deciphering the molecular basis of FLT3-driven drug resistance requires a systems approach.
  • 490
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
H2S in Oncological Disorders and Non-Coding RNAs Regulation
H2S is colorless, flammable, and water-soluble gas with a characteristic smell of rotten eggs; it is now widely recognized as an endogenous biological mediator. Since its discovery, H2S has been found to have vital functions in various physiological and pathological conditions. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) form a relatively recent class of post-transcriptional regulators that is widely expanding. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been reported to play a dominating role in the regulation of the endogenous machinery system of H2S in several pathological contexts. A growing list of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are leading the way as upstream regulators for H2S biosynthesis in different mammalian cells during the development and progression of human diseases.
  • 488
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Exosome microRNAs in Metabolic Syndrome
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles produced and released by almost all cell types. They play an essential role in cell-cell communications by delivering cellular bioactive compounds such as functional proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids, including microRNA, to recipient cells.
  • 482
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Extraembryonic Mesenchymal Stromal
Extra-embryonic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are characterized by robust and constitutive anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties, indicating as therapeutic agents for inflammatory conditions such as liver fibrosis or advanced cirrhosis, as well as chronic inflammatory settings or deranged immune responses. MSC are certainly the most diffused and largely variable cell products generated and described during the past decades in cell-based therapy approaches. These cells have been defined and collected under a large umbrella of acronyms and nomenclature.
  • 481
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
MiRNA and Melanoma
Melanoma is the major skin cancer-related cause of death. The survival rate of meta-static melanoma is approximately 10–15%, even though many effective approaches, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, have gained the approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of melanoma. Immunotherapy leads to praiseworthy benefits and improves overall survival by approximately 35–50% for the treatment of melanoma.
  • 479
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometrial Cancer
The incidence and death rates of endometrial cancer are rising globally. International guidelines recommend radical hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy as the standard of care for this cancer; however, fertility-sparing alternatives should be tailored to motivated women of reproductive age, establishing an appropriate cost–benefit balance between childbearing desire and cancer risk. New molecular classifications such as that of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) provide a robust supplementary risk assessment tool that can tailor the treatment options to the patient’s needs, curtail over- and under-treatment, and contribute to the spread of fertility-preserving strategies.
  • 477
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Immunometabolism of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Oncology
The field of immunometabolism seeks to decipher the complex interplay between the immune system and the associated metabolic pathways. The role of small molecules that can target specific metabolic pathways and subsequently alter the immune landscape provides a desirable platform for new therapeutic interventions. Immunotherapeutic targeting of suppressive cell populations, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), by small molecules has shown promise in pathologies such as cancer and support testing of similar host-directed therapeutic approaches in MDSC-inducing conditions such as tuberculosis (TB). MDSC exhibit a remarkable ability to suppress T-cell responses in those with TB disease. In tumors, MDSC exhibit considerable plasticity and can undergo metabolic reprogramming from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to facilitate their immunosuppressive functions.
  • 476
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Interaction and Collaboration of SP1, HIF-1, and MYC
Specificity protein 1 (SP1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), and MYC are important transcription factors (TFs). SP1, a constitutively expressed housekeeping gene, regulates diverse yet distinct biological activities; MYC is a master regulator of all key cellular activities including cell metabolism and proliferation; and HIF-1, whose protein level is rapidly increased when the local tissue oxygen concentration decreases, functions as a mediator of hypoxic signals. Systems analyses of the regulatory networks in cancer have shown that SP1, HIF-1, and MYC belong to a group of TFs that function as master regulators of cancer. Therefore, the contributions of these TFs are crucial to the development of cancer. SP1, HIF-1, and MYC are often overexpressed in tumors, which indicates the importance of their roles in the development of cancer. Thus, proper manipulation of SP1, HIF-1, and MYC by appropriate agents could have a strong negative impact on cancer development. Under these circumstances, these TFs have naturally become major targets for anticancer drug development. Accordingly, there are many SP1 or HIF-1 inhibitors available; however, designing efficient MYC inhibitors has been extremely difficult. Studies have shown that SP1, HIF-1, and MYC modulate the expression of each other and collaborate to regulate the expression of numerous genes.
  • 476
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Characteristics of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Researchers have investigated the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer initiation and progression, especially triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), in order to identify specific biomarkers that could serve as feasible targets for innovative therapeutic strategies development. TNBC is characterized by a dynamic and aggressive nature, due to the absence of estrogen, progesterone and human epidermal growth factor 2 receptors.
  • 475
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic Effects of miRNAs in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain tumor originating from glial cells with a maximum life expectancy of 14.6 months. Despite the establishment of multiple promising therapies, the clinical outcome of glioblastoma patients is abysmal. Drug resistance has been identified as a major factor contributing to the failure of current multimodal therapy. Epigenetic modification, especially DNA methylation has been identified as a major regulatory mechanism behind glioblastoma progression. In addition, miRNAs, a class of non-coding RNA, have been found to play a role in the regulation as well as in the diagnosis of glioblastoma. The relationship between epigenetics, drug resistance, and glioblastoma progression has been clearly demonstrated. MGMT hypermethylation, leading to a lack of MGMT expression, is associated with a cytotoxic effect of TMZ in GBM, while resistance to TMZ frequently appears in MGMT non-methylated GBM. 
  • 475
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cell Envelope Synthesis Enzymes
Life-threatening systemic fungal infections occur in immunocompromised patients at an alarming rate. Current antifungal therapies face challenges like drug resistance and patient toxicity, emphasizing the need for new treatments. Membrane-bound enzymes account for a large proportion of antifungal targets, especially ones that contribute to cell wall and cell membrane biosynthesis. Moreover, structural biology has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which these enzymes synthesize their products, as well as the mechanism of action for some antifungals. 
  • 475
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Platelets and Red Blood Cells with SARS-CoV-2
Interaction of platelets and red blood cells with SARS-CoV-2, their mechanisms, consequences, and pathological significance.
  • 474
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Proteome of Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) accounts for the highest incidence of tumor-related mortality among women worldwide, justifying the growing search for molecular tools for the early diagnosis and follow-up of BC patients under treatment. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanocompartments produced by all human cells, including tumor cells. 
  • 473
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Enigmatic Role of GIGANTEA in Plant Biology
GIGANTEA (GI) is a conserved nuclear protein crucial for orchestrating the clock-associated feedback loop in the circadian system by integrating light input, modulating gating mechanisms, and regulating circadian clock resetting. It serves as a core component which transmits blue light signals for circadian rhythm resetting and overseeing floral initiation. Beyond circadian functions, GI influences various aspects of plant development (chlorophyll accumulation, hypocotyl elongation, stomatal opening, and anthocyanin metabolism). GI has also been implicated to play a pivotal role in response to stresses such as freezing, thermomorphogenic stresses, salinity, drought, and osmotic stresses. Positioned at the hub of complex genetic networks, GI interacts with hormonal signaling pathways like abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), salicylic acid (SA), and brassinosteroids (BRs) at multiple regulatory levels. This intricate interplay enables GI to balance stress responses, promoting growth and flowering, and optimize plant productivity.
  • 472
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Zinc-Dependent Histone Deacetylases in Lung Endothelial Pathobiology
The intricate dynamics of endothelial cells (ECs), form a monolayer along blood vessel lumens and act as a semi-selective barrier between blood and interstitial spaces. In instances of inflammatory or toxic events, compromise of the lung EC barrier may lead to pulmonary edema, a crucial aspect of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The nuanced control of EC functions involves epigenetic mechanisms, particularly those mediated by zinc-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs). Representing the largest HDAC subgroup, zinc-dependent HDACs are activated by Zn2+ and play a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation by modifying chromatin structure and deacetylating non-histone proteins.
  • 471
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
PTEN with DNA Repair in Parkinson’s Disease
Oxidative stress is considered to play key roles in aging and pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, which could bring DNA damage by cells. The DNA damage may lead to the cell apoptosis, which could contribute to the degeneration of neuronal tissues. Evidence suggests that PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10) may be involved in the pathophysiology of the neurodegenerative disorders. Since PTEN expression appears to be one dominant determinant of the neuronal cell death, PTEN should be a potential molecular target of novel therapeutic strategies against Parkinson’s disease. In addition, defects in DNA damage response and DNA repair are often associated with modulation of hormone signaling pathways. Especially, many observations imply a role for estrogen in a regulation of the DNA repair action.
  • 468
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cytotoxicity of Polyamine-Derived Aminoaldehydes and Acrolein
Polyamines participate in the processes of cell growth and development. The degradation branch of their metabolism involves amine oxidases. The oxidation of spermine, spermidine and putrescine releases hydrogen peroxide and the corresponding aminoaldehyde. Polyamine-derived aminoaldehydes have been found to be cytotoxic.
  • 467
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Interplay of Kinases Involved in Autisms and ADHD
A brain-enriched multi-domain scaffolding protein, neurobeachin has been identified as a candidate gene for autism patients. Mutations in the synaptic adhesion protein cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) are also associated with autism spectrum disorder, a neurodevelopmental disorder of uncertain molecular origin. Potential roles of neurobeachin and CADM1 have been suggested to a function of vesicle transport in endosomal trafficking. It seems that protein kinase B (AKT) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) have key roles in the neuron membrane trafficking involved in the pathogenesis of autism. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is documented to dopaminergic insufficiencies, which is attributed to synaptic dysfunction of dopamine transporter (DAT). AKT is also essential for the DAT cell-surface redistribution.
  • 466
  • 08 Sep 2023
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