Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Azaspiracids
The presence and impact of toxins have been detected in various regions worldwide ever since the discovery of azaspiracids (AZAs) in 1995. These toxins have had detrimental effects on marine resource utilization, marine environmental protection, and fishery production. Over the course of more than two decades of research and development, scientists from all over the world have conducted comprehensive studies on the in vivo metabolism, in vitro synthesis methods, pathogenic mechanisms, and toxicology of these toxins. 
  • 511
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid as a Neuroactive Compound
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) was reported as a promising therapeutic molecule for several neurological disorders that still lack effective treatments.
  • 510
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
circRNA-Targeted Therapy in Experimental Parkinson’s Disease
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded RNA molecules often circularized by backsplicing. Growing evidence implicates circRNAs in the underlying mechanisms of various diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (PD)—the first and second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders. In this sense, circSNCA, circHIPK2, circHIPK3, and circSLC8A1 are circRNAs that have been related to the neurodegenerative process of PD. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies on circRNAs have shed light on their roles in the pathobiology of various diseases. Gain-of-function approaches typically employ viral or non-viral vectors that hyperexpress RNA sequences capable of circularizing to form the specific circRNA under investigation. 
  • 510
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
DNA Methylation for Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most frequent cancer worldwide and is associated with high mortality when diagnosed in its most aggressive form, which is not reverted by the current treatment options. The disruption of normal epigenetic mechanisms, namely, DNA methylation, is a known early event in cancer development. Consequently, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors constitute a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of BC.
  • 509
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms Driving the Formation of Brain Metastases
Targeted therapies for cancers have improved primary tumor response rates, but concomitantly, brain metastases (BM) have become the most common brain tumors in adults and are associated with a dismal prognosis of generally less than 6 months, irrespective of the primary cancer type. They most commonly occur in patients with primary breast, lung, or melanoma histologies; however, they also appear in patients with other primary cancers including, but not limited to, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. Historically, molecular biomarkers have normally been identified from primary tumor resections. However, clinically informative genomic alterations can occur during BM development and these potentially actionable alterations are not always detected in the primary tumor leading to missed opportunities for effective targeted therapy. 
  • 508
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Collection and Molecular Ecology Analysis of Marine Microorganisms
The special characteristics of ocean ecosystems, such as the high salinity and pressure, low temperature, and nutrition, make marine microorganisms diverse in species, gene composition, and ecological functions. Recent advances in molecular biology techniques, together with the ongoing developments in bioinformatic and automatic technologies, have highlighted the scientific studies on marine microbial ecology, eliminating the total reliance on classical cultivation-based techniques. 
  • 508
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Extraembryonic Mesenchymal Stromal
Extra-embryonic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are characterized by robust and constitutive anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties, indicating as therapeutic agents for inflammatory conditions such as liver fibrosis or advanced cirrhosis, as well as chronic inflammatory settings or deranged immune responses. MSC are certainly the most diffused and largely variable cell products generated and described during the past decades in cell-based therapy approaches. These cells have been defined and collected under a large umbrella of acronyms and nomenclature.
  • 507
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
PTEN with DNA Repair in Parkinson’s Disease
Oxidative stress is considered to play key roles in aging and pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, which could bring DNA damage by cells. The DNA damage may lead to the cell apoptosis, which could contribute to the degeneration of neuronal tissues. Evidence suggests that PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10) may be involved in the pathophysiology of the neurodegenerative disorders. Since PTEN expression appears to be one dominant determinant of the neuronal cell death, PTEN should be a potential molecular target of novel therapeutic strategies against Parkinson’s disease. In addition, defects in DNA damage response and DNA repair are often associated with modulation of hormone signaling pathways. Especially, many observations imply a role for estrogen in a regulation of the DNA repair action.
  • 507
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
miR-Based Treatments for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by lung inflammation and increased membrane permeability, which represents the leading cause of mortality in ICUs. Mechanical ventilation strategies are at the forefront of supportive approaches for ARDS. Recently, an increasing understanding of RNA biology, function, and regulation, as well as the success of RNA vaccines, has spurred enthusiasm for the emergence of novel RNA-based therapeutics. The most common types of RNA seen in development are silencing (si)RNAs, antisense oligonucleotide therapy (ASO), and messenger (m)RNAs that collectively account for 80% of the RNA therapeutics pipeline. These three RNA platforms are the most mature, with approved products and demonstrated commercial success. 
  • 507
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
MSC-Derived lncRNAs' Role in Cardiac Injury and Repair
Cardiac injury, such as myocardial infarction and heart failure, remains a significant global health burden. The limited regenerative capacity of the adult heart poses a challenge for restoring its function after injury. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as promising candidates for cardiac regeneration due to their ability to differentiate into various cell types and secrete bioactive molecules. Attention has been given to noncoding RNAs derived from MSCs, particularly long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and their potential role in cardiac injury and repair. LncRNAs are RNA molecules that do not encode proteins but play critical roles in gene regulation and cellular responses including cardiac repair and regeneration.
  • 506
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Enhancing Catalytic Activity of Thermo-Asparaginase from Thermococcus sibiricus
L-asparaginases (L-ASNases) of microbial origin are the mainstay of blood cancer treatment. Numerous attempts have been performed for genetic improvement of the main properties of these enzymes. The substrate-binding Ser residue is highly conserved in L-ASNases regardless of their origin or type. However, the residues adjacent to the substrate-binding Ser differ between mesophilic and thermophilic L-ASNases. 
  • 505
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
PTSD Understanding and Treatment
Memories are a central aspect of our lives, but the mechanisms underlying their formation, consolidation, retrieval, and extinction remain poorly understood.
  • 505
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
O-methylated N-glycans
In the animal kingdom, a stunning variety of N-glycan structures have emerged with phylogenetic specificities of various kinds. In the plant kingdom, however, N-glycosylation appears to be strictly conservative and uniform. From mosses to all kinds of gymno- and angiosperms, land plants mainly express structures with the common pentasaccharide core substituted with xylose, core α1,3-fucose, maybe terminal GlcNAc residues and Lewis A determinants. In contrast, green algae biosynthesise unique and unusual N-glycan structures with uncommon monosaccharides, a plethora of different structures and various kinds of O-methylation.
  • 502
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Membrane-Bound Amyloids
Many reports suggest that the toxic properties of amyloid aggregates are correlated with their ability to damage cell membranes. However, the molecular mechanisms causing toxic amyloid/membrane interactions are still far to be completely elucidated. This review aims at describing the mutual relationships linking abnormal protein conformational transition and self-assembly into amyloid aggregates with membrane damage.
  • 498
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein for Interventions in Parkinsonism
Neurological disorders such as Parkinsonism cause serious socio-economic problems as there are only therapies that treat their symptoms. The well-established hallmark alpha-synuclein (SYN) is enriched in the inclusion bodies characteristic of Parkinsonism. A prominent partner of SYN was discovered, termed Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP), which has important physiological and pathological activities such as the regulation of the microtubule network and the promotion of SYN aggregation. The role of TPPP in Parkinsonism is often neglected in research. In the normal brain, SYN and TPPP are expressed endogenously in neurons and oligodendrocytes, respectively, whilst, at an early stage of Parkinsonism, soluble hetero-associations of these proteins are found in both cell types. The cell-to-cell transmission of these proteins, which is central to disease progression, provides a unique situation for specific drug targeting.
  • 496
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
MS-Based Phosphoproteomics for FLT3-Dependent Pathogenesis
FLT3 mutations are the most frequently identified genetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are associated with poor clinical outcome, relapse and chemotherapeutic resistance. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying FLT3-dependent pathogenesis and drug resistance is a crucial goal of biomedical research. Given the complexity and intricacy of protein signaling networks, deciphering the molecular basis of FLT3-driven drug resistance requires a systems approach.
  • 493
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Exosome microRNAs in Metabolic Syndrome
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles produced and released by almost all cell types. They play an essential role in cell-cell communications by delivering cellular bioactive compounds such as functional proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids, including microRNA, to recipient cells.
  • 491
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Role of Arginine Methyltransferases in Inflammatory Responses
The immune system protects our body from bacteria, viruses, and toxins and removes malignant cells. Activation of immune cells requires the onset of a network of important signaling proteins. Methylation of these proteins affects their structure and biological function. Under stimulation, T cells, B cells, and other immune cells undergo activation, development, proliferation, differentiation, and manufacture of cytokines and antibodies. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), a group of methyltransferases with a seven β-strand set, methylate proteins on arginine residues.
  • 489
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Platelets and Red Blood Cells with SARS-CoV-2
Interaction of platelets and red blood cells with SARS-CoV-2, their mechanisms, consequences, and pathological significance.
  • 488
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
MiRNA and Melanoma
Melanoma is the major skin cancer-related cause of death. The survival rate of meta-static melanoma is approximately 10–15%, even though many effective approaches, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, have gained the approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of melanoma. Immunotherapy leads to praiseworthy benefits and improves overall survival by approximately 35–50% for the treatment of melanoma.
  • 483
  • 06 Dec 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 133
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback