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Topic Review
Calcium and Autophagy in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related brain disorder that causes progressive neurodegeneration predominantly in the cortical and hippocampal brain regions. Major hallmarks of AD are the progressive impairment of memory storage and accumulation of fibrillary amyloid plaques in patient’s brains. Autophagy is a process that maintains healthy cells, organelles, proteins, and nutrient homeostasis in living organisms. Three types of autophagy are observed in mammalian cells depending on the mode of substrate delivery: macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy, and microautophagy.
  • 403
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Immune Response in Melanoma
Melanoma, a neoplasm arising from malignant transformation of melanocytes, is the most lethal form of skin cancer.
  • 399
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Mammalian Autophagy Machinery and Autophagy-Related Genes
Physiologically, autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved and self-degradative process in cells. Autophagy carries out normal physiological roles throughout mammalian life. Accumulating evidence shows autophagy as a mechanism for cellular growth, development, differentiation, survival, and homeostasis.
  • 399
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Lymphatic Clearance of Immune Cells in Cardiovascular Disease
The lymphatic vasculature is a vital component of the cardiovascular system, consisting of a blind-ended, highly permeable vascular network, integral in maintaining tissue homeostasis, regulation of interstitial fluid, lipid absorption, fluid drainage, and immune cell trafficking. Its role in immune cell transport is critical in the initiation of the immune response, especially following injury. This is of particular importance in the heart, where the lymphatic vasculature plays a vital role in myocardial healing following cardiac injury. By promoting cell egress or exit from the heart, the lymphatic systems favour cell clearance by way of reduction of the immune cell load in damaged tissue.
  • 398
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Beehive Products for Wound Repair and Skin Care
There is a long and interesting history between honeybees and humans. From the beginning, honey has been utilized not only as a sweetener, but also as an ointment and a drug to treat several diseases. Until the discovery of antibiotics, honey was a very popular product used to protect and preserve skin and promote wound healing, to counteract gastrointestinal pains and disorders of the oral cavity, and for other diseases. After the development of antibiotic resistance, honey again gained interest for its use in wound management. Subsequently, more recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have displayed antimicrobial, antioxidant, and other effects of honey and honeybee products, as well as protection of cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems. 
  • 395
  • 06 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Insulin in the Striatum
Insulin crosses the blood–brain barrier to enter the brain from the periphery. In the brain, insulin has well-established actions as a satiation signal in the hypothalamus, as well as effects on feeding at the level of mesolimbic dopamine neurons in the midbrain. However, insulin also acts in the striatum, a forebrain region that is crucial for movement, mood and motivated behavior. The striatum shows abundant expression of insulin receptors (InsRs) throughout. These receptors are found on interneurons and striatal projections neurons, as well as on glial cells and dopamine axons.
  • 392
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension
Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant system reducing its capability to detoxify ROS or repair the resulting damage, i.e., ROS overwhelms antioxidants. Oxidative stress is a key pathogenic factor in chronic liver injury of various etiologies, such as alcoholic liver disease.
  • 390
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Kinases/Protein Phosphatases in Signaling Pathways Activation
Optimizing physical training regimens to increase muscle aerobic capacity requires an understanding of the internal processes that occur during exercise that initiate subsequent adaptation. During exercise, muscle cells undergo a series of metabolic events that trigger downstream signaling pathways and induce the expression of many genes in working muscle fibers. There are a number of studies that show the dependence of changes in the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), one of the mediators of cellular signaling pathways, on the duration and intensity of single exercises. The activity of various AMPK isoforms can change in different directions, increasing for some isoforms and decreasing for others, depending on the intensity and duration of the load.
  • 388
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms Underlying SCFAs Protective Effect on Blood–Brain Barrier
Impairment of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity is implicated in the numerous neurological disorders associated with neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and aging. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), mainly acetate, butyrate and propionate, produced by anaerobic bacterial fermentation of the dietary fiber in the intestine, have a key role in the communication between the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system and are critically important for the preservation of the BBB integrity under different pathological conditions.
  • 384
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Ventricular Tachycardia
The use of catheter-based irreversible electroporation in clinical cardiac laboratories, termed pulsed-field ablation (PFA), is gaining international momentum among cardiac electrophysiology proceduralists for the non-thermal management of both atrial and ventricular tachyrhythmogenic substrates. One area of potential application for PFA is in the mitigation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) risk in the setting of ischemia-mediated myocardial fibrosis, as evidenced by recently published clinical case reports. The efficacy of tissue electroporation has been documented in other branches of science and medicine.
  • 383
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Neurological Disorders in Animals with NKA Mutations
Endogenous cardiotonic steroids are involved in the pathogenesis of affective disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder, which are linked to dopaminergic system dysfunction. Animal models have shown that the cardiotonic steroid ouabain induces mania-like behavior through dopamine-dependent intracellular signaling pathways. In addition, mutations in the alpha subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase lead to the development of neurological pathologies. Evidence from animal models confirms the neurological consequences of mutations in the Na+,K+-ATPase alpha subunit. 
  • 381
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Anti-Epileptic Effects of Carbenoxolone
Gap junctions (GJs) are intercellular junctions that allow the direct transfer of ions and small molecules between neighboring cells, and GJs between astrocytes play an important role in the development of various pathologies of the brain, including regulation of the pathological neuronal synchronization underlying epileptic seizures. Recently, we found that a pathological change is observed in astrocytes during the ictal and interictal phases of 4-aminopyridin (4-AP)-elicited epileptic activity in vitro, which was correlated with neuronal synchronization and extracellular epileptic electrical activity. This finding raises the question: Does this signal depend on GJs between astrocytes?
  • 380
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cells Involved in Renal Fibrosis
The kidney functions as the main site of nutrient exchange and waste removal in the body, relying heavily on its complex structure to maintain homeostasis. Three distinct compartments make up the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. The glomerulus is involved in filtering nutrients and waste from blood, the tubulointerstitium regulates transport and nutrient exchange, and the vasculature transports blood to and from the kidney. Renal fibrosis can impact all structures of the kidney by affecting the function of specialized cells found in each compartment.
  • 380
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Physiological Role of Electroneutral Na+-Coupled HCO3− Cotransporter
Acid–base homeostasis is critical for proper physiological function and pathology. The SLC4 family of HCO3− transmembrane cotransporters is one of the HCO3− transmembrane transport carriers responsible for cellular pH regulation and the uptake or secretion of HCO3− in epithelial cells. NBCn1 (SLC4A7), an electroneutral Na+/HCO3− cotransporter, is extensively expressed in several tissues and functions as a cotransporter for net acid extrusion after cellular acidification.
  • 376
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Chemerin Forms and Disease
Since chemerin was first identified, investigators have shown in longitudinal, cross-sectional, and case control studies, as well as a few prospective studies, that there are differences in chemerin levels between patients with disease and normal samples. The studies have been able to show a correlation between chemerin levels and disease incidence, severity, or progression. That correlation between chemerin and disease does not prove that chemerin is causing the disease as, alternatively, the change in chemerin levels could be caused by the disease, or an independent unknown factor could be causing both the disease and the changes in chemerin levels.
  • 375
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products and Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance (IR) is commonly observed during aging and is at the root of many of the chronic nontransmissible diseases experienced as people grow older. Many factors may play a role in causing IR, but diet is undoubtedly an important one. Whether it is total caloric intake or specific components of the diet, the factors responsible remain to be confirmed. Of the many dietary influences that may play a role in aging-related decreased insulin sensitivity, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) appear particularly important.
  • 367
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Myoglobin in Brown Adipose Tissue: Novel Thermogenic Implications
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in energy homeostasis by generating heat from chemical energy via uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation. Besides its high mitochondrial content and its exclusive expression of the uncoupling protein 1, another key feature of BAT is the high expression of myoglobin (MB), a heme-containing protein that typically binds oxygen, thereby facilitating the diffusion of the gas from cell membranes to mitochondria of muscle cells. In addition, MB also modulates nitric oxide (NO•) pools and can bind C16 and C18 fatty acids, which indicates a role in lipid metabolism. Studies in humans and mice implicated MB present in BAT in the regulation of lipid droplet morphology and fatty acid shuttling and composition, as well as mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. 
  • 366
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
RBPs Associated with Cardiomyopathies
Cardiomyopathies are structural and functional abnormalities of the myocardium and represent a heterogenous group of cardiac disorders, including dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM). RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are major regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and contribute to generating protein abundance and diversity within a cell.
  • 366
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sex-Related Differences in Neurodegeneration
Sex hormones and genes on the sex chromosomes are not only key factors in the regulation of sexual differentiation and reproduction but they are also deeply involved in brain homeostasis. Their action is crucial for the development of the brain, which presents different characteristics depending on the sex of individuals. The role of these players in the brain is fundamental in the maintenance of brain function during adulthood as well, thus being important also with respect to age-related neurodegenerative diseases. 
  • 364
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Early Cell Signaling in Developing Lung Edema
The lung promptly responds to edemagenic conditions through functional adaptations that contrast the increase in microvascular filtration. In hypoxia, thinning of endothelial cells, a decrease in caveolae and AQP-1, and an increase in lipid rafts are observed. The interpretation of this response is that it favors oxygen diffusion and hinders trans-cellular water fluxes. In hydraulic edema, which generates greater capillary water leakages, an increase in cell volume and opposite changes in membrane rafts were observed; further, the remarkable increase in caveolae suggests a potential abluminal–luminal vesicular-dependent fluid reabsorption.
  • 363
  • 19 Jun 2023
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