You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Neuropsychiatry and Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition, which is distinguished by the presence of the endometrial-like glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity. Women with endometriosis, especially those with pelvic pain, also have a greater vulnerability to several psychiatric disorders. There is, in particular, a tendency to contract affective or anxiety disorders as well as panic-agoraphobic and substance use disorders. A multidisciplinary approach consisting of a medical team composed of gynecologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, expert in Dual Disorder, algologists and sexologists, would guarantee the setting of a target and taking the best decision on a personalized treatment plan. 
  • 675
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Gynecologic Tract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are particularly rare in all sites of the gynecological tract and include a variety of neoplasms with variable prognosis, dependent on histologic subtype and site of origin. Following the expert consensus proposal of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the approach in the latest World Health Organization (WHO) Classification System of the Female Genital Tumours is to use the same terminology for NENs at all body sites. The main concept of this novel classification framework is to align it to all other body sites and make a clear distinction between well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). The previous WHO Classification System of the Female Genital Tumours featured more or less the same principle, but used the terms ‘low-grade neuroendocrine tumor’ and ‘high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma’. Regardless of the terminology used, each of these two main categories include two distinct morphological subtypes: NETs are represented by typical and atypical carcinoid and NEC are represented by small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC). High-grade NECs, especially small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma tends to be more frequent in the uterine cervix, followed by the endometrium, while low-grade NETs usually occur in the ovary. NENs of the vulva, vagina and fallopian tube are exceptionally rare, with scattered case reports in the scientific literature.
  • 675
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Causes of Infertility in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Infertility has been recognized as a civilizational disease. One of the most common causes of infertility is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Closely interrelated immunometabolic mechanisms underlie the development of this complex syndrome and lead to infertility. The direct cause of infertility in PCOS is ovulation and implantation disorders caused by low-grade inflammation of ovarian tissue and endometrium which, in turn, result from immune and metabolic system disorders. The systemic immune response, in particular the inflammatory response, in conjunction with metabolic disorders, insulin resistance (IR), hyperadrenalism, insufficient secretion of progesterone, and oxidative stress lead not only to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, autoimmunity, and lipid metabolism disorders but also to infertility. Depending on the genetic and environmental conditions as well as certain cultural factors, some diseases may occur immediately, while others may become apparent years after an infertility diagnosis. Each of them alone can be a significant factor contributing to the development of PCOS and infertility. 
  • 667
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Endometriosis during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Patients with endometriosis had limited possibilities for contemporary diagnosis and treatment during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. Surgeries that may have eliminated pain or restored fertility were postponed. Endometriosis may affect the vagina, peritoneum, bladder, or other organs outside the pelvis and impact women’s sexual health, especially during pandemics.
  • 665
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Barriers to Adolescent Oncofertility Care
Adolescent cancer patients experience parent, patient, and health care system barriers to developmentally appropriate oncofertility care.
  • 663
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Transkingdom Analysis of the Female Reproductive Tract
The female reproductive tract (FRT) microbiome plays a vital role in maintaining vaginal health. Viruses are key regulators of other microbial ecosystems, but little is known about how the FRT viruses (virome), particularly bacteriophages that comprise the phageome, impact FRT health and dysbiosis. 
  • 660
  • 30 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Duration of Menstrual Blood Loss
The duration of bleeding is not necessarily linked to the amount of loss but may be influenced by age, ethnicity, habitus, region and altitude of residence, dieting and stress. The onset of bleeding has been linked to declining steroid production by the corpus luteum. There remains considerable controversy around the extent of endometrial shedding at menstruation. This is likely to vary within and between women. The significance of a change from previous patterns, very short or prolonged bleeding, days of light loss or spotting before or after days of bleeding, or of bleed-free days that punctuate flow, remain poorly understood.
  • 660
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Bevacizumab Actions
Most ovarian cancer cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage (III or IV), in which a primary debulking surgery combined with adjuvant systemic chemotherapy is the standard management. Since targeted therapy is less toxic to human cells than systemic chemotherapy, it has drawn much attention and become more popular. Angiogenesis is a critical process during the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Currently, many studies have put emphases on anti-angiogenetic medication, such as bevacizumab, the first and most investigated angiogenesis inhibitor that can exert anti-neoplastic effects. Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that has been approved for first-line maintenance treatment of advanced ovarian cancer.
  • 659
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Pelvic organ prolapse is a chronic disease resulting from a weakening of the musculoskeletal apparatus of the pelvic organs.
  • 659
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Maternal Cytomegalovirus Infection
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an enveloped DNA virus that, like other members of the herpes virus family, establishes a lifelong latency period after primary infection and becomes resident in monocytes and granulocytes. For this reason, vertical transmission can occur through primary infection, reactivation of the disease, or even contamination with another strain. CMV infection is spread through contact with contaminated bodily secretions (such as urine, saliva, genital secretions, and breast milk) and generally causes few symptoms in immunocompetent individuals, but can cause serious damage in immunosuppressed individuals, including fetuses. CMV infection is the most common congenital infection worldwide, affecting between 0.7% and 1% of all live births. Approximately 11% of infected newborns are symptomatic at birth, and between 30% and 40% of these are at risk of developing long-term neurological sequelae.
  • 657
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Management of Endometrial Cancer
The incidence of endometrial cancer (EC) is rising and healthcare professionals need to be informed about the latest data on the constant developments in the field of its management.
  • 655
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Pathophysiology
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which explains the pain that such patients report. Currently, we are faced with ineffective, non-invasive diagnostic methods and treatments that come with multiple side effects and high recurrence rates for both the disease and pain. These are the reasons why researchers are exploring the possibility of the involvement of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules in the process of the appearance of endometriosis.
  • 650
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
A major obstacle contributing to the decreased efficacy of in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs is the prevalence of diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI, or premature ovarian failure—POF) in infertile patients. In addition, the age-related decline in follicle number leads to a lower availability of oocytes in IVF cycles in the poor prognosis group characterized by a poor response to ovarian stimulation, resulting in a higher dropout rate of ART cycles and a lower number of live births.
  • 650
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Hyperandrogenism
Hyperandrogenism encompasses a wide range of clinical manifestations, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), idiopathic hirsutism, hirsutism and hyperandrogaenemia, non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans (HAIR-AN), ovarian or adrenal androgen-secreting neoplasms, Cushing’s syndrome, and hyperprolactinaemia.
  • 642
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
MiRNAs in the Immune Dysregulation of Preeclampsia
The main complications causing practically 75% of all maternal deaths are severe bleeding, infections, and high blood pressure during pregnancy (preeclampsia (PE) and eclampsia). The usefulness of ncRNAs as clinical biomarkers has been explored in an extensive range of human diseases including pregnancy-related diseases such as PE. Immunological dysregulation show that the Th1/17:Th2/Treg ratio is “central and causal” to PE. However, there is evidence of the involvement of placenta-expressed miRNAs and lncRNAs in the immunological regulation of crucial processes of placenta development and function during pregnancy. Abnormal expression of these molecules is related to immune physiopathological processes that occur in PE. 
  • 642
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Neuroendocrine Changes during Menopausal Transition
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstrual cycles following the loss of ovarian follicular activity. Quality of life of postmenopausal woman is the result of a series of psychobiological transformations, that see in the reduction of sex hormones and steroids the etiopathogenetic determinant moment. Symptoms of menopause range from somatic side such as metabolic changes, increased cardiovascular disease, irregular vaginal bleeding, urogenital symptoms, vaginal dryness, osteoporosis and risk of bones fractures to changes of central nervous system as vasomotor symptoms, sleep disruption, mood changes, migraine, sexual dysfunctions.
  • 641
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Applications of Probiotics
Probiotics are live microorganisms that induce health benefits to the host. Prebiotics, such as inulin and fructooligosaccharides, are nondigestible food components that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon, whereas synbiotics are a mixture of live microorganisms with substrates that are selectively utilized by host which can provide even more benefits than prebiotics alone.
  • 634
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Bisphenol A on Feto-Maternal Compartments
Several pathways were shown to be possibly affected by bisphenol A, leading to dysregulations in structural and endocrine foundation in the placenta, potential induction of senescence and failure of decidualization in the decidua, and possible propagation of inflammation in the fetal membranes. Combined, these actions may eventually counteract bisphenol-induced relaxation of the myometrium and promote contractility alongside fetal membrane weakening. In totality, these individual impairments in gestation-critical processes may lead to failure of maintenance of pregnancy, and thus effecting preterm birth.
  • 633
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Neonatal Hemostasis System Peculiarities and Neonatal Thrombosis
Newborns are the most vulnerable patients for thrombosis development among all children, with critically ill and premature infants being in the highest risk group. The upward trend in the rate of neonatal thrombosis could be attributed to progress in the treatment of severe neonatal conditions and the increased survival in premature babies. There are physiological differences in the hemostatic system between neonates and adults.
  • 630
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Endocrine Pathogenic Mediators and Molecular Mechanisms
Adenomyosis (ADM) is a multifaceted uterine pathology characterized by the ectopic infiltration of endometrial tissue into the myometrium, affecting approximately 20% of women in the reproductive age group seeking gynecological care. This condition manifests as a range of debilitating symptoms, including dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, impaired fertility, and heightened susceptibility to miscarriage and obstetric complications. The essential dependence of ADM on estrogen and the impact of endocrine disruptors in its pathogenesis warrant further investigation, and present therapeutic opportunities.
  • 630
  • 08 Feb 2024
  • Page
  • of
  • 17
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback