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Topic Review
Holarctic
The Holarctic is the name for the biogeographic realm that encompasses the majority of habitats found throughout the northern continents of the world, combining Wallace's Palearctic zoogeographical region, consisting of North Africa and all of Eurasia (with the exception of the southern Arabian Peninsula, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent), and the Nearctic zoogeographical region, consisting of North America, north of Mexico. These regions are further subdivided into a variety of ecoregions. Many ecosystems, and the animal and plant communities that depend on them, are found across multiple continents in large portions of this realm. The continuity of these ecosystems results from the shared glacial history of the realm. The floristic Boreal Kingdom corresponds to the Holarctic realm.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Śrāvaka
Śrāvaka (Sanskrit) or Sāvaka (Pali) means "hearer" or, more generally, "disciple". This term is used in Buddhism and Jainism. In Jainism, a śrāvaka is any lay Jain so the term śrāvaka has been used for the Jain community itself (for example see Sarak and Sarawagi). Śrāvakācāras are the lay conduct outlined within the treaties by Śvetāmbara or Digambara mendicants. "In parallel to the prescriptive texts, Jain religious teachers have written a number of stories to illustrate vows in practice and produced a rich répertoire of characters.". In Buddhism, the term is sometimes reserved for distinguished disciples of the Buddha.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Asperitas Microdatacenter
A microdatacenter is a small, self contained data center consisting of computing, storage, networking, power and cooling. Micro data centers typically employ water cooling to achieve compactness, low component count, low cost and high energy efficiency. Its small size allows decentralised deployment in places where traditional data centers cannot go, for instance edge computing for Internet of things.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review Video
Exosomes as Nanosystems of Nucleic Acids and Drugs
Exosomes are defined as a type of extracellular vesicle released when multivesicular bodies of the endocytic pathway fuse with the plasma membrane. They are characterized by their role in extracellular communication, partly due to their composition, and present the ability to recognize and interact with cells from the immune system, enabling an immune response. Their targeting capability and nanosized dimensions make them great candidates for cancer therapy. As chemotherapy is associated with cytotoxicity and multiple drug resistance, the use of exosomes targeting capabilities, able to deliver anticancer drugs specifically to cancer cells, is a great approach to overcome these disadvantages. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Synergistically Anti-Multiple: Flavonoid, Non-Flavonoid Polyphenols, and Bortezomib
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell tumor originating from a post-mitotic lymphoid B-cell lineage. When two or more medications are combined to improve their therapeutic effects, this is referred to as drug synergism. For various diseases, including MM, appropriate drug combinations can reduce drug resistance or maximize efficacy. Bortezomib (BTZ), as a clinically used protease inhibitor, is a cornerstone of Velcade, Revlimid, and Dexamethasone (VRD).  Flavonoids and non-flavonoid polyphenols are potential supportive therapies to address some of the challenges faced in BTZ treatment. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Energy Storage in Rail Transportation
With the development of the global economy and the increase in environmental awareness, energy technology in transportation, especially the application of energy storage technology in rail transportation, has become a key area of research. Rail transportation systems are characterized by high energy consumption and poor power quality due to the more flexible regulation capability of energy storage technology in these aspects. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Natural Compounds with Antioxidant in Maintaining Eye Health
An antioxidant compound can be defined as a substance that can delay or prevent oxidation. The body uses different strategies against the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS): firstly, antioxidant enzymes are used, as already reported, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px). It is important to remember that some antioxidant enzymes need micronutrients to function properly, such as zinc, selenium, copper and manganese. Secondly, ROS can be reduced or neutralized by the intake of antioxidant nutrients, such as vitamin E (a-tocopherol), beta-carotene, and vitamin C, among others. An insufficient intake of foods with antioxidant function or an unbalanced diet can alter the body’s natural antioxidant system and facilitate the damage induced by ROS. Additional defense mechanisms include antioxidant compounds, such as metallothionein, melanin, and glutathione. Eye health is crucial, and the onset of diseases can reduce vision and affect the quality of life of patients. Evidence has accumulated that polyphenols (mostly deriving from Citrus Bergamia) represent a reliable source of antioxidants able to counteract oxidative stress accompanying early stages of eye diseases. Luteolin in particular has been found to protect photoreceptors, thereby improving vision in many disease states. Moreover, a consistent anti-inflammatory response was found to occur when curcumin is used alone or in combination with other nutraceuticals. Additionally, Coenzyme Q10 has been demonstrated to produce a consistent effect in reducing ocular pressure, thereby leading to protection in patients undergoing glaucoma. Both grape seed extract, rich in anthocyanosides, and polynsatured fatty acids seem to contribute to the prevention of retinal disorders. A combination of nutraceuticals and antioxidants may represent the right solution for a multi-action activity in eye protection.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Origins of Recombinant Toxins
Toxins produced by various living organisms (bacteria, yeast, scorpions, snakes, spiders and other living organisms) are the main pathogenic factors causing severe diseases and poisoning of humans and animals. To date, recombinant forms of these toxins are widely used as antimicrobial agents, anticancer drugs, vaccines, etc. Various modifications, which in this case can be introduced into such recombinant proteins, can lead to a weakening of the toxic potency of the resulting toxins or, conversely, increase their toxicity. Thus, it is important to publicly discuss the situations and monitor the emergence of such developments.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors with Different Morphologies
There is an increasing need for the development of low-cost and highly sensitive gas sensors for environmental, commercial, and industrial applications in various areas, such as hazardous gas monitoring, safety, and emission control in combustion processes. Considering this, resistive-based gas sensors using metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs) have gained special attention owing to their high sensing performance, high stability, and low cost of synthesis and fabrication. The relatively low final costs of these gas sensors allow their commercialization; consequently, they are widely used and available at low prices. Different morphologies of metal oxide gas sensors are discussed.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Grief Communication and Disenfranchised Loss
Disenfranchised loss, or loss not recognized as a legitimate reason for grieving, affects personal and organizational well-being. Following a disenfranchised loss, bereaved individuals use communication to grapple with their loss and emotions across numerous personal and professional contexts. This entry details research on communicative underpinnings of emotions and grief before reviewing disenfranchised loss across organizational contexts.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
STAT Activation and Signaling
There is a significant body of evidence that has demonstrated that Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs) play a critical role in ovarian cancer progression. The STAT family is comprised of seven distinct proteins, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A and 5B, and STAT6. The structure among STAT proteins remains highly conserved, with all STAT proteins encoding a coiled-coil (CC) domain, a DNA-binding (DB) domain, and a SRC homology 2 (SH2) domain.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Intensive Pig Farming
The impacts of agriculture in general and livestock farming in particular on environmental degradation have been causing increasing concern worldwide, especially in livestock production areas with a high animal density. However, advanced breeding and feeding strategies are needed to supply the growing global demand for animal protein. Wildlife might be a substitute for pork, beef, and poultry from intensive farming; this may be the case for wild boar, but the consumption rate is low. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Potential Benefits of Herbal Medicines in Lupus Conditions
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease involving multiple organs and clinical manifestations. The Latin word lupus, meaning wolf, was in the medical literature prior to the 1200s to describe skin lesions that devour flesh, and the resources available to physicians to help people were limited. The present text reviews the ethnobotanical and pharmacological aspects of medicinal plants and purified molecules from natural sources with efficacy against lupus conditions. Among these molecules are artemisinin and its derivatives, antroquinonol, baicalin, curcumin, emodin, mangiferin, salvianolic acid A, triptolide, the total glycosides of paeony (TGP), and other supplements such as fatty acids and vitamins. In addition, medicinal plants, herbal remedies, mushrooms, and fungi that have been investigated for their effects on different lupus conditions through clinical trials, in vivo, in vitro, or in silico studies are reviewed. A special emphasis was placed on clinical trials, active phytochemicals, and their mechanisms of action. This discussion can be helpful for researchers in designing new goal-oriented studies. It can also help practitioners gain insight into recent updates on supplements that might help patients suffering from lupus conditions.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Institutional and Commercial Advertising Campaigns Against Domestic Violence
Advertising campaigns which combat domestic violence often emphasize emotional impact, while focussing on victim-centric approaches, underscoring the need to empower victims. However, it is paramount to consider the different social and cultural contexts associated with the phenomenon of domestic violence in these campaigns for effective social change, eventually addressing other targets apart from the victim or incorporating the victims’ insights in the advertising campaigns.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Smart Responsive Hydrogel Design for Chronic Wound Treatment
Chronic wounds are a major health challenge that require new treatment strategies. Hydrogels are promising drug delivery systems for chronic wound healing because of their biocompatibility, hydration, and flexibility. However, conventional hydrogels cannot adapt to the dynamic and complex wound environment, which involves low pH, high levels of reactive oxygen species, and specific enzyme expression. Therefore, smart responsive hydrogels that can sense and respond to these stimuli are needed. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Management of Fluid Overload in Acute Settings
This entry provides a comprehensive review of fluid overload management, specifically targeting therapeutic strategies for patients with diuretic resistance or refractory volume overload. It covers the pathophysiology of edema formation and the challenges associated with fluid removal in patients with chronic conditions such as congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and chronic kidney disease. Key treatments discussed include combination therapy with loop and thiazide diuretics, use of alternative loop diuretics with higher bioavailability, and the comparative effectiveness of bolus versus continuous drip loop diuretics. For patients unresponsive to pharmacologic management, the entry also examines mechanical ultrafiltration methods, comparing hemodialysis (HD), continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH), and specialized CHF solutions (Aquamid). The entry emphasizes evidence-based approaches, highlighting studies that support optimized fluid management to improve patient outcomes and reduce hospital readmissions.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Bio-Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production
The continuous increase of the world’s population results in an increased demand for energy drastically from the industrial and domestic sectors as well. Moreover, the current public awareness regarding issues such as pollution and overuse of petroleum fuel has resulted in the development of research approaches concerning alternative renewable energy sources. Amongst the various options for renewable energies used in transportation systems, biodiesel is considered the most suitable replacement for fossil-based diesel. In what concerns the industrial application for biodiesel production, homogeneous catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid are usually selected, but their removal after reaction could prove to be rather complex and sometimes polluting, resulting in increases on the production costs. Therefore, there is an open field for research on new catalysts regarding biodiesel production, which can comprise heterogeneous catalysts. Apart from that, there are other alternatives to these chemical catalysts. Enzymatic catalysts have also been used in biodiesel production by employing lipases as biocatalysts. For economic reasons, and reusability and recycling, the lipases urged to be immobilized on suitable supports, thus the concept of heterogeneous biocatalysis comes in existence. Just like other heterogeneous catalytic materials, this one also presents similar issues with inefficiency and mass-transfer limitations. A solution to overcome the said limitations can be to consider the use of nanostructures to support enzyme immobilization, thus obtaining new heterogeneous biocatalysts.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Agaricus blazei ,Grifola frondosa Extracts
Extracts of the mushrooms also appear to be safe in preclinical and clinical studies. Whereas special focus has been on their antitumor effects, the mushrooms' anti-allergic properties have also been investigated. The anti-allergic mechanism was amelioration of a skewed Th1/Th2 balance. Here, a brief review is given of the preclinical and clinical findings with AbM and GF.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nanofluids in Desalination
Desalination accounts for 1% of the total global water consumption and is an energy-intensive process, with the majority of operational expenses attributed to energy consumption. Moreover, at present, a significant portion of the power comes from traditional fossil-fuel-fired power plants and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with power production along with concentrated brine discharge from the process, pose a severe threat to the environment. Due to the dramatic impact of climate change, there is a major opportunity to develop sustainable desalination processes to combat the issues of brine discharge, greenhouse gas emissions along with a reduction in energy consumption per unit of freshwater produced. Nanotechnology can play a vital role to achieve specific energy consumption reduction as nanofluids application increases the overall heat transfer coefficient enabling the production of more water for the same size desalination plant. Furthermore, concentrated brine discharge harms the marine ecosystems, and hence, this problem must also be solved to support the objective of sustainable desalination. Several studies have been carried out in the past several years in the field of nanotechnology applications for desalination, brine treatment and the role of renewable energy in desalination. The content is focused on reviewing existing desalination practices, along with identifying the gaps in the development of sustainable desalination systems. Furthermore, the role of nanofluids is discussed as a potential tool to develop cost-competitive and energy-efficient standalone desalination system. Desalination is an energy-intensive process, and it's exceptionally crucial to power the process with a reliable independent source of energy along with coupling the desalination process with advanced systems to treat the brine and take benefit of economies of scale by producing more products from the same raw material (seawater). 
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Physiopathology of Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare but aggressive B-cell hemopathy characterized by the translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) that leads to the overexpression of the cell cycle regulatory protein cyclin D1. This translocation is the initial event of the lymphomagenesis, but tumor cells can acquire additional alterations allowing the progression of the disease with a more aggressive phenotype and a tight dependency on microenvironment signaling. To date, the chemotherapeutic-based standard care is largely inefficient and despite the recent advent of different targeted therapies including proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, relapses are frequent and are generally related to a dismal prognosis. As a result, MCL remains an incurable disease.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Sep 2020
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