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Topic Review
Oral Rehydration Therapy Evolution
The original studies demonstrating the efficacy of oral glucose-electrolytes solutions in reducing or eliminating the need for intravenous therapy to correct dehydration caused by acute watery diarrheas (AWD) were focused chiefly on cholera patients. Later research adapted the oral therapy (ORT) methodology for treatment of non-cholera AWDs including for pediatric patients. These adaptations included the 2:1 regimen using 2 parts of the original WHO oral rehydration solution (ORS) formulation followed by 1 part additional plain water, and a “low sodium” packet formulation with similar average electrolyte and glucose concentrations when dissolved in the recom-mended volume of water.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System
In humans, various sites like cannabinoid receptors (CBR) having a binding affinity with cannabinoids are distributed on the surface of different cell types, where endocannabinoids (ECs) and derivatives of fatty acid can bind. The binding of these substance(s) triggers the activation of specific receptors required for various physiological functions, including pain sensation, memory, and appetite.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Hippo Pathway in Cancer
The Hippo pathway regulatory network is complex and diverse, and its regulatory mechanism is still poorly understood. A key challenge for the future will be to explore the mechanisms by which the Hippo signaling pathway plays regulatory roles in different environments, and to develop targeted cancer treatments. We believe that targeting the Hippo pathway will lead to fruitful therapies in the near future.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Knowledge Sharing: An Evolutionary Game
Knowledge sharing in R&D teams is a dynamic process, and the strategic behaviors of sharing parties are interactive. The realization of sharing behavior and the achievement of collective goals require sharing parties to work together. While obtaining benefits, the involved parties also assume possible risks and related costs. This often leads to a knowledge sharing dilemma: sharing personal insights with coworkers may carry a cost for the sharing individuals which consequently leads to, at the aggregate level, a co-operation dilemma, similar to a public-good dilemma. As a result, knowledge sharing is by nature an evolutionary game scenario, a calculated, dynamic, give-and-take process. The evolutionary game theory is the emerging theory developed from the traditional game theory that combines game theory analysis with a dynamic evolution process in order to develop a more holistic understanding of a dynamic interaction process. Therefore, the evolutionary game theory provides an appropriate perspective to understand the dynamic knowledge-sharing process within R&D teams.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Mast Cell Activation
Mast cell activation (MCA) may occur in different physiologic and pathologic conditions. Clinical symptoms resulting from MCA can be observed not only in the setting of allergic diseases, but even in the context of MC neoplasms. If MCA symptoms are severe and recurrent, the possibility of mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) should be considered.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Universal Photonic Biosensors, Emerging Pathogens
To provide resiliency against pandemics, new types of universal biosensors that can be rapidly adapted and deployed on a large scale for the detection of new pathogens and new variants of known pathogens and exhibit real-time detection with LOD as low as a few target molecules need to be developed. Photonic biosensors, which provide optical signal amplification and can be mass-produced by existing semiconductor foundries, offer a promising platform, which is in principle amenable to multiplexing with spectroscopic and electrochemical detection techniques. However, to reach sub-fM detection levels, photonic biosensors typically have had to be engineered to support ultra-high-Q trapped modes.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota
Probiotics are beneficial active microorganisms that colonize the human intestines and change the composition of the flora in particular parts of the host. Recent evidence has shown that probiotics play significant roles in gut microbiota composition, which can inhibit the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine, help the host build a healthy intestinal mucosa protective layer, and enhance the host immune system. Based on the close relationship between the gut microbiota and human immunity, it has become an extremely effective way to improve human immunity by regulating the gut microbiome with probiotics.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Hippo Pathway in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most common and malignant tumor of the Central Nervous System (CNS), affecting both children and adults. GBM is one of the deadliest tumor types and it shows a strong multidrug resistance (MDR) and an immunosuppressive microenvironment which remain a great challenge to therapy.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in COVID-19 Infected Pregnant Women
Several adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects were significantly higher in COVID-19 infected pregnant women than non-infected. These included maternal death, preeclampsia, cesarean section delivery, fetal distress, preterm birth, low birth weight, stillbirth, low Apgar score at the fifth minute, and admission to NICU. The comorbidity conditions had no added risk of being infected with COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Therefore, a COVID-19 infected pregnant woman should be treated with special precautions to avoid and minimize the identified adverse events during perinatal care. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Afro-Ethnic Hairstyling Trends, Risks, Recommendations
Hair is an essential part of a person’s identity, self-perception, and can be a way they communicate with those around them. It can reflect not only someone’s health but their sense of style, and can be changed often and easily to portray an individual’s changing attitudes and trends. Hairstyles among women of African descent, thus, vary considerably by country, region, occupation, generation, and personal style. Today, the Black hair care industry is a half-trillion-dollar industry. In fact, Black women spend more on their hair than any other ethnic group. There has been substantial debate and discussion regarding the association between certain hairstyles worn by Black women and their connection to hair disorders and other health conditions common to this population.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Progression
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibrosing interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology. Different types of cells are involved in fibrogenesis, which is persistently physical and molecular stimulation, either directly or by interacting with bioactive molecules and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Current evidence suggests that EVs play an essential role in IPF development. EVs are released by a variety of cells, including fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and alveolar macrophages. In addition, EVs can transport bioactive molecules, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which play a pivotal role in cellular communication. Several proposed mechanisms show that an acceptor cell can capture, absorb, or interact with EVs through direct fusion with the plasma membrane, ligand–receptor interaction, and endocytotic process, modifying the target cell. During fibrogenesis, the release of EVs is deregulated, increases the EVs amount, and the cargo content is modified. This alteration is closely associated with the maintenance of the fibrotic microenvironment. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Tricyclodecan-9-yl-Xanthogenate (D609)
Tricyclodecan-9-yl xanthogenate (D609) is a synthetic tricyclic compound possessing a xanthate group. This xanthogenate compound is known for its diverse pharmacological properties. Over the last three decades, many studies have reported the biological activities of D609, including antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anticholinergic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-proliferative, and neuroprotective activities.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Luxury Tourism Consumption in the Accommodation Sector
The specific sector of luxury tourism is constantly growing, sustaining a steady and significant growth rate despite the crisis. What emerged, particularly in relation to this industry, was a real democratization of luxury, where the product/service chosen and purchased is not only seen as desired and desirable, but it is also a possibility to occasionally allow the best for oneself. Despite the different luxury tourism travel typologies, a central and common element to all typologies appears to be the experiential one, which is entirely consistent with what has been indicated above. The luxury hospitality sector is also moving in this direction, assigning equal importance to different needs: on the one hand, there is a focus on style, comfort, service, and pampering, and on the other hand, there is a search for a connection with the territory, and an effort to propose full emotional and intense tourism experiences.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ezrin, VASO-Active Intestinal Peptide and COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 infection inhibits interferon expression, while hyper-activating innate-immune signalling and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. SARS-CoV-2 proteins: Spike, M and nsp6, nsp12 and nsp13 inhibit IFR3-mediated Type-1-interferon defence, but hyper-activate intracellular signalling, which leads to dysfunctional expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-1β IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα. Ezrin, a sub-membrane adaptor-protein, organises multi-protein-complexes such as ezrin+NHERF1+NHE+CFTR, which control the density and location of ACE2 receptor expression on the luminal surface of airway-epithelial-cells, as well as determining susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This protein complex is vital for lung-surfactant production for efficient gas-exchange. Ezrin also forms multi-protein-complexes that regulate signalling kinases; Ras, PKC, PI3K, and PKA. m-RAGE is a pattern-recognition-receptor of the innate immune system that is triggered by AGEs, which are chemically modified proteins common in the elderly and obese. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid peptide released by intrinsic neurons in the human airways. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Pulsed Electric Field on Dairy and Plant Proteins
Dairy and plant-based proteins are widely utilized in various food applications. Several techniques have been employed to improve the techno-functional properties of these proteins. Among them, pulsed electric field (PEF) technology has recently attracted considerable attention as a green technology to enhance the functional properties of food proteins. The PEF treatment conditions markedly affect the treatment results with respect to proteins’ structure and techno-functional properties.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic Polymer-Based Sensors
Polymers are long-chain, highly molecular weight molecules containing large numbers of repeating units within their backbone derived from the product of polymerization of monomeric units. The materials exhibit unique properties based on the types of bonds that exist within their structures. Among these, some behave as rubbers because of their excellent bending ability, lightweight nature, and shape memory. Moreover, their tunable chemical, structural, and electrical properties make them promising candidates for their use as sensing materials. Polymer-based sensors are highly utilized in the current scenario in the public health sector and environment control due to their rapid detection, small size, high sensitivity, and suitability in atmospheric conditions.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Camel Milk
Camel milk (CM) constitutes an important dietary source in the hot and arid regions of the world. CM is a colloidal mixture of nutritional components (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and minerals) and non-nutritional components (hormones, growth factors, cytokines, immunoglobulins, and exosomes). 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Analytical Techniques for Detection of Quantum Dots
Since the discovery of Quantum Dots (QDs) by Alexey I. Ekimov in 1981, the interest of researchers in that particular type of nanomaterials (NMs) with unique optical and electrical properties has been increasing year by year. Thus, since 2009, the number of scientific articles published on this topic has not been less than a thousand a year. The increasing use of QDs due to their biomedical, pharmaceutical, biological, photovoltaics or computing applications, as well as many other high-tech uses such as for displays and solid-state lighting (SSL), has given rise to a considerable number of studies about its potential toxicity. However, there are a really low number of reported studies on the detection and quantification of QDs, and these include ICP–MS and electrochemical analysis, which are the most common quantification techniques employed for this purpose. Keeping in mind both human health and environmental risks of QDs as well as the scarcity of analytical techniques and methodological approaches for their detection, the adaptation of existing techniques and methods used with other NMs appears necessary. 
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Syndromes Predisposing to Haematological Malignancies
The past decade, with large-scale genomic analyses, gave a possibility for better understanding of genetic disorders with predisposition to paediatric cancer. Interactions between germline and somatic mutations are a key determinant of cancer development. Cancer predisposition syndrome (CPS) is inherited when a germline mutation is present in the cancer predisposition gene. The early recognition of genetic predispositions for childhood cancers may provide an opportunity of early detection of neoplasms, followed by presymptomatic genetic testing of relatives, implementation of appropriate clinical procedures (e.g., avoiding radiotherapy), prophylactic surgical resection of organs at risk, or searching for donors of hematopoietic stem cells. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
List of Open Formats
An open format is a file format for storing digital data, defined by a published specification usually maintained by a standards organization, and which can be used and implemented by anyone. For example, an open format can be implemented by both proprietary and free and open source software, using the typical software licenses used by each. In contrast to open formats, closed formats are considered trade secrets. Open formats are also called free file formats if they are not encumbered by any copyrights, patents, trademarks or other restrictions (for example, if they are in the public domain) so that anyone may use them at no monetary cost for any desired purpose. Open formats (in alphabetical order) include:
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Oct 2022
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