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Topic Review
Recyclability of Abandoned Fishing Net-Based Plastic Debris
 Plastics in marine environments undergo molecular degradation via biocatalytic and photocatalytic mechanisms. Abandoned, lost, or discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) damages marine and coastal environments as well as plant and animal species. There is a need for a new and rapid “multidimensional molecular characterization” technology to quantify, at a batch level, the extent of photocatalytic or biocatalytic degradation experienced on each recovered fishing net, comprising molecular weight alteration, chemical functional group polydispersity and contaminant presence. Rapid multidimensional molecular characterization enables optimized conventional material mixing of recovered fishing nets. In this way, economically attractive social return schemes can be introduced for used fishing nets, providing an economic incentive for fishers to return conventional fishing nets for recycling.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
GSOAP
gSOAP is a C and C++ software development toolkit for SOAP/XML web services and generic XML data bindings. Given a set of C/C++ type declarations, the compiler-based gSOAP tools generate serialization routines in source code for efficient XML serialization of the specified C and C++ data structures. Serialization takes zero-copy overhead.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning Methods
Machine learning (ML) has a well-established reputation for successfully enabling automation through its scalable predictive power.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetic Regulation in the Hematopoietic System
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression controls differentiation throughout all stages of hematopoiesis, and its disruption can result in disease. In the context of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), epigenetic dysregulation promotes aberrant gene expression in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, resulting in defective differentiation and leukemic transformation. 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Amelioration Strategies for Silver Diamine Fluoride
Topical cariostatic agents have become a reasonable alternative for managing dental caries in young children. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a practical topical approach to arrest caries and avoid extensive and risky dental treatment. The rapid oxidation of ionic silver darkens demineralised tooth structure permanently. In this regard, nano-metallic antimicrobials could augment or substitute for silver, and thereby enhance SDF aesthetic performance.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Structure and Function of ABCA1
The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) was identified by Luciani et al. over 36 years ago by PCR cloning and found to be located on chromosome 9q22-31. ABCA1 belongs to what was then a growing family of transmembrane proteins sharing many structural and functional similarities. ABCA1 was initially thought to be involved in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and to play a role in the regulation of the inflammatory response. Recent studies of structure-function relationships have shown that ABCA1 transports cholesterol and phospholipids across the plasma membrane to generate high-density lipoproteins (HDLs).
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Biomedical and Environmental Applications of Nonthermal Plasma
Atmospheric plasmas have led to the formation of nonthermal plasma (NTP). A number of novel plasma diagnostic approaches have been implemented and reported in order to better understand the physics of NTP. The use of NTP is a novel approach to producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Plasma technology has many applications, including electrical device microfabrication, biomedicine, dentistry, agriculture, ozone generation, chemical synthesis, surface treatment, coating, and disease therapy.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNA-502-3p and Human Diseases: Focus on Alzheimer's Disease
The microRNA-500’s family has five different genotypes: microRNA-362, microRNA-500a, microRNA-500b, microRNA-501, and microRNA-502 (Genesnames.org). All the forms of miR-500 family members are expressed in humans and different animal species. The miR-502-3p sequence is 22 nucleotides long and is found in Homo sapiens (Has-miR-502-3p) as annotated by 7 gene databases such as MalaCards, miRBase, GeneCards, TarBase, ENA, RefSeq, and LncBase. The miR-502 were also found to be conserved in seven different animal species such as Cow (Bos taurus) Bta-miR-502a; Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) Cfa-miR-502; Horse (Equus caballus) Eca-miR-502-3p; Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) Ggo-miR-502a; Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) Mml-miR-502-3p); Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Ocu-miR-502-3p; and Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) Ppy-miR-502-3p (https://rnacentral.org/rna) (accessed on 26 February 2023). The miR-502-3p is encoded by the MIR502 gene (ENSG00000272080) which is composed of an 86 base-pairs genomic sequence, a plus stranded RNA orientation starting from 50,014,598, and ending at 50,014,683. The MiR502 gene is located at the Chromosome X genomic location: 50,014,598-50,014,683 forward strands.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Application of Polycaprolactone-Based Materials in Nanoformulations
Among the various materials used for the fabrication of nanoparticles, polycaprolactone (PCL) has gained considerable attention due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and ease of synthesis.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Combination Therapy to Fight Oral Cancer
Combination therapy has become the standard practice for the treatment of locally advanced oral cancer, emerging as an effective approach in improving outcomes. Despite stepwise advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of oral carcinogenesis, the complexity and diversity of pathways and mechanisms that drive cancer progression and invasion may compromise the success of the treatment when used in a monotherapy approach. Therefore, combinatorial modalities that simultaneously target different pathways are expected to result in more clinical benefit for patients. 
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Conservation Agriculture and the System of Rice Intensification
Conservation Agriculture (CA) and the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) are both agroecologically-oriented production systems that support more productive, sustainable, and resource-conserving farming, with synergies arising from their respective assemblages of reinforcing agronomic methods.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Conference Tourism in the Post-COVID-19 Era
As is widely known, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected tourism and related activities globally. Due to the restrictive measures implemented for gatherings and movements in order to limit the spread of the virus, conferences and conference tourism received a strong shock since the majority of them were canceled or postponed. 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Tools and Methods for Diagnosing Developmental Dysgraphia
Handwriting is a complex perceptual motor task that requires years of training and practice before complete mastery. Its acquisition is crucial, since handwriting is the basis, together with reading, of the acquisition of higher-level skills such as spelling, grammar, syntax, and text composition. Despite the correct learning and practice of handwriting, some children never master this skill to a sufficient level. These handwriting deficits, referred to as developmental dysgraphia, can seriously impact the acquisition of other skills and thus the academic success of the child if they are not diagnosed and handled early.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Proteolytic Activation of the Epithelial Sodium Channel
Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) are integral to maintaining salt and water homeostasis in various biological tissues, including the kidney, lung, and colon. They enable the selective reabsorption of sodium ions, which is a process critical for controlling blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and overall fluid volume. ENaC activity is finely controlled through proteolytic activation, a process wherein specific enzymes, or proteases, cleave ENaC subunits, resulting in channel activation and increased sodium reabsorption. This regulatory mechanism plays a pivotal role in adapting sodium transport to different physiological conditions.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Kottler-Schwarzschild-Kiselev Spacetimes
The Kottler-Schwarzschild-Kiselev blackhole spacetimes are analytically studied. The instances of the gtt components of the metric tensor are considered, where it contains a linear term, a cosmological constant, and both a linear term and a cosmological constant, in the deSitter determination and in the anti-deSitter one. The Birkhoff theorem is proven to be obeyed. The infinite-redshift surfaces are written. The parameter space of the models which constrain the blackhole mass are analytically spelled out. The coordinate-singularity-avoiding coordinates transformations are newly found. The possibility to obtain a scheme geometrically-mimicking quintessence is ruled out. The weak-field limit is studied from the appropriate Christoffel symbol. The quantum regime is envisaged.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Nov 2024
Topic Review
Membrane Fusion Description Approaches
From the very beginning at the stage of fertilization, through the tissue growth, hormone secretion and synaptic transmission, and sometimes morbid events of carcinogenesis and viral infections, membrane fusion regulates the whole life of high organisms. Despite that, a lot of fusion processes still lack the well-established model of the process and even a list of main actors. Merger of membranes requires their topological rearrangements controlled by elastic properties of the lipid bilayer. That is why continuum models of fusion based on theories of membrane elasticity are actively applied for the construction of physical models of membrane fusion. Started from the view on the membrane as a structureless film with postulated geometry of fusion intermediates, they developed along with experimental and calculation techniques to the powerful tool for prediction of the whole process with molecular accuracy. Modern approaches in this field allow continuum models of membrane fusion to stand shoulder to shoulder with molecular dynamics simulations to provide the deepest understanding of this process in multiple biological systems.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
HIV- and HERV-Cancer Paradigm
Animal retroviruses are known for their transforming potential, and this is also true for the ones hosted by humans, which have gathered expanding attention as one of the potent causative agents in various diseases, including specific cancer types. For instance, Human T Lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is a well-studied class of oncoviruses causing T cell leukemia, while human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is linked to a series of defining cancers including Kaposi sarcoma, certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and cervical cancer. Of note, in addition to these “modern” exogenous retroviruses, our genome harbors a staggering number of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). HERVs are the genetic remnants of ancient retroviral germline infection of human ancestors and are typically silenced in normal tissues due to inactivating mutations and sequence loss. While some HERV elements have been appropriated and contribute to human physiological functions, others can be reactivated through epigenetic dysregulations to express retroviral elements and promote carcinogenesis. Conversely, HERV replication intermediates or protein products can also serve as intrinsic pathogen-associated molecular patterns that cause the immune system to interpret it as an exogenous infection, thereby stimulating immune responses against tumors. As such, HERVs have also been targeted as a potential internal strategy to sensitize tumor cells for promising immunotherapies. Further studies should help promote our understanding on the dynamic role of human retroviruses in cancer development including contribution from HIV and HERVs.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Carotid Body
Overview of the physiology of the adult carotid body, the main peripheral chemoreceptor in mammals, which contains a physiologically relevant germinal niche with multipotent neural crest-derived stem cells and restricted progenitors from both neural and mesenchymal lineages. The carotid body (CB), a neural-crest-derived organ and the main arterial chemoreceptor in mammals, is composed of clusters of cells called glomeruli. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2020
Topic Review
PI3Ks, Targets of Cancer Therapeutics
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of enzymes responsible for phosphorylating the 3-hydroxyl group of the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol.  PI3Ks are subdivided into three classes, class I, II, and III based on their structures, functions, and tissue distribution. PI3Ks are engaged in a range of cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation differentiation, migration, survival, cell death, and intracellular trafficking. Many of these functions are related to the activity of class I PI3Ks family. Class I PI3Ks family generates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PI(3,4,5,)P3), which activates an assorted number of downstream molecules in the PI3K signaling pathway that are necessary for normal cellular growth and development. Elevated PI3K activity is considered as the hallmark of cancer, which is promoted by diverse oncogenes and growth factor receptors causing enhanced PI3K signaling. Several PI3K pathway inhibitors have been developed including pan-PI3K inhibitors and isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors. Some of the PI3K inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of various cancer types. Furthermore, to overcome drug resistance, improve efficacy, enhance synergy, and reduce toxicity, several different therapeutic approaches are being developed and some are in clinical trials. 
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Aquaporins in Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of membrane water channel proteins that control osmotically-driven water transport across cell membranes. Recent studies have focused on the assessment of fluid flux regulation in relation to the biological processes that maintain mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) physiology. In particular, AQPs seem to regulate MSC proliferation through rapid regulation of the cell volume. Furthermore, several reports have shown that AQPs play a crucial role in modulating MSC attachment to the extracellular matrix, their spread, and migration. This review aims to describe the recent findings on AQPs role in MSCs physiology taking into account their reflex for potential applicatio in regenerative medicine.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
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