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Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. It is estimated that approximately 18.5 million people die annually on account of these diseases, with a third of these people dying under the age of 70 years. Identifying those most affected by CVDs and ensuring they receive the appropriate treatment can prevent premature deaths. Furthermore, the development of new therapeutic strategies and biomarkers with the potential to predict the progression of CVDs is fundamental to reducing mortality worldwide. CVDs can be defined as disorders that affect the heart or blood vessels such as heart failure, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, and congenital heart disease.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Innate Immunity Promotes Programmed Death of Individual Organisms
Over-activation of innate immunity in response to bacterial or viral (including COVID-19) infections, massive trauma, or ischemia/reperfusion often causes severe illness and death. We suggest that such severe outcomes may be manifestations of an altruistic suicidal strategy protecting the entire population from the spread of pathogens and from dangerous pathologies rather than aberrant hyperstimulation of defense responses. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Folates
Folates are crucial to life, as a component and catalyst for essential biochemical reactions, particularly and especially via their central role in the metabolism of nucleotides for DNA synthesis and methylation processes involved in imprinting and epigenesis.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Therapies for Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common muscular dystrophy affecting many different body tissues, predominantly skeletal and cardiac muscles and the central nervous system. The expansion of CTG repeats in the DM1 protein-kinase (DMPK) gene is the genetic cause of the disease. The pathogenetic mechanisms are mainly mediated by the production of a toxic expanded CUG transcript from the DMPK gene. With the availability of new knowledge, disease models, and technical tools, much progress has been made in the discovery of altered pathways and in the potential of therapeutic intervention, making the path to the clinic a closer reality. 
  • 1.2K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Culturable and Molecular Diversity of Marine Fungi
Fungi are considered terrestrial and oceans are a “fungal desert”. However, with the considerable progress made over past decades, fungi have emerged as morphologically, phylogenetically, and functionally diverse components of the marine water column. Although their communities are influenced by a plethora of environmental factors, the most influential include salinity, temperature, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen, suggesting that fungi respond to local environmental gradients. 
  • 1.2K
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Removal of Dyestuffs from Effluents onto Biochar
Processing significant amounts of dye effluent discharges into receiving waters can supply major benefits to countries that are affected by the water crisis and anticipated future stress in many areas in the world. When compared to most conventional adsorbents, biochars can provide an economically attractive solution. In comparison to many other textile effluent treatment processes, adsorption technology provides an economical, easily managed, and highly effective treatment option.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Raman Spectroelectrochemistry
Raman spectroelectrochemistry (Raman-SEC) is a technique that studies the inelastic scattering or Raman scattering of monochromatic light related to chemical compounds involved in an electrode process. This technique provides information about vibrational energy transitions of molecules, using a monochromatic light source, usually from a laser that belongs to the UV, Vis or NIR region. Raman spectroelectrochemistry provides specific information about structural changes, composition and orientation of the molecules on the electrode surface involved in an electrochemical reaction, being the Raman spectra registered a real fingerprint of the compounds. When a monochromatic light beam samples the electrode/solution interface, most of the photons are scattered elastically, with the same energy than the incident light. However, a small fraction is scattered inelastically, being the energy of the laser photons shifted up or down. When the scattering is elastic, the phenomenon is denoted as Rayleigh scattering, while when it is inelastic it is called Raman scattering. Raman spectroscopy combined with electrochemical techniques, makes Raman spectroelectrochemistry a powerful technique in the identification, characterization and quantification of molecules. The main advantage of Raman spectroelectrochemistry is that it is not limited to the selected solvent, and aqueous and organic solutions can be used. However, the main disadvantage is the intrinsic low Raman signal intensity. Different methods as well as new substrates were developed to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of this multirresponse technique.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cannabis and Cannabinoids for Treatment of Cancer
Cancer is a disease which affects approximately 40% of people in their lifetime. Chemotherapy, the primary choice for treatment of cancer, is often ineffective or/and presents itself with many debilitating side effects, including loss of appetite, nausea, insomnia, and anxiety. Components of cannabis extracts, including cannabinoids and terpenes, may present an alternative for controlling side effects and may be used for tumor shrinkage together with chemodrugs. Cannabinoids act on so called endocannabinoid system (ECS) that operates in human body to maintain homeostasis. ECS promotes healthy development of tissues and regulates many processes in our organism and when disbalanced may lead to disease, including cancer. 
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Experimental Economics
Experimental economics is the application of experimental methods to study economic questions. Data collected in experiments are used to estimate effect size, test the validity of economic theories, and illuminate market mechanisms. Economic experiments usually use cash to motivate subjects, in order to mimic real-world incentives. Experiments are used to help understand how and why markets and other exchange systems function as they do. Experimental economics have also expanded to understand institutions and the law (experimental law and economics). A fundamental aspect of the subject is design of experiments. Experiments may be conducted in the field or in laboratory settings, whether of individual or group behavior. Variants of the subject outside such formal confines include natural and quasi-natural experiments.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Packaging Innovations of Meat and Meat Products
In edible packaging, the application of natural and renewable biopolymers is gaining popularity as, unlike petroleum-based plastic packaging materials, they do not cause environmental problems. Packaging using active compounds further extends the shelf life of food products compared with traditional packaging by reducing the adverse effects during storage, such as oxidation, microbial growth, and moisture loss. On the other hand, the inclusion of natural bioactive substances in packaging provides an opportunity to increase the shelf life of food products and/or decrease the use of preservatives.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Biosynthetic Pathway of VOCs in ‘Nanguo’ Pear
The biosynthesis of aroma volatiles in fruit mostly occurs during the late stage of fruit development. Fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates in fruit serve as precursors of the aroma volatiles that form under the catalysis of various enzymes. The aroma volatiles of fruits are secondary metabolites, and various precursors synthesize aroma volatiles through different pathways. Based on the types of precursors, the metabolic pathways of aroma biosynthesis are divided into the fatty acid metabolic pathway, amino acid metabolic pathway, terpenoid metabolic pathway, and carbohydrate metabolic pathway among others. Volatile compounds (VOCs) may have antibacterial or anticancer activity. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Techniques for Improving Heat Transfer in PCMs Systems
Phase change materials (PCMs) are often used to mitigate and time-shift thermal load peaks. They gain heat (charge) during warmer daytime via melting and solidification due to releasing energy (discharge) during cooler nighttime. Therefore, PCMs may increase energy efficiency when integrated into a building’s envelope. They also are used for solar thermal applications such as solar collectors, solar photovoltaic systems, and solar desalination systems.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Personality Traits on Charitable Donations
Given the serious humanitarian crises encountered by the modern world, it is more crucial than ever to build a society based on solidarity, compassion, empathy, and a sense of teamwork and cooperation. It is evident that a person’s personality traits may affect their altruistic attitudes and, consequently, how one behaves across all social contexts. Therefore, how people perceive and interpret their social environments and experiences can be varied depending on their personality, which is an interesting subject of research. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Glycoside Hydrolases and Glycosyltransferases from Hyperthermophilic Archaea
Hyperthermophilic Archaea colonizing unnatural habitats of extremes conditions such as volcanoes and deep-sea hydrothermal vents represent an unmeasurable bioresource for enzymes used in various industrial applications. Their enzymes show distinct structural and functional properties and are resistant to extreme conditions of temperature and pressure where their mesophilic homologs fail. In this review, we will outline carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) from hyperthermophilic Archaea with specific focus on the two largest families, glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and glycosyltransferases (GTs). We will present the latest advances on these enzymes particularly in the light of novel accumulating data from genomics and metagenomics sequencing technologies. We will discuss the contribution of these enzymes from hyperthermophilic Archaea to industrial applications and put the emphasis on newly identifed enzymes. We will highlight their common biochemical and distinct features. Finally, we will overview the areas that remain to be explored to identify novel promising hyperthermozymes.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Residual Life Prediction of Corroded Pipelines
Prediction of residual strength and residual life of corrosion pipelines is the key to ensuring pipeline safety. Accurate assessment and prediction make it possible to prevent unnecessary accidents and casualties, and avoid the waste of resources caused by the large-scale replacement of pipelines.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Skin Architecture, ECM, and Cellular Components
Matricellular proteins are nonstructural, modular, extracellular proteins that exert their effects by binding to cell surface receptors, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, soluble signaling molecules, and proteases, thereby modulating cellular responses to changes in their microenvironment, particularly during tissue remodeling. The skin is the largest organ of the body and protects us against environmental insults. It shields the body from mechanical abrasion, pathological infections, dehydration, and fluctuations in body temperature, while the nerves in the skin also provide us with sensations of touch. The skin needs to act as a resilient mechanical barrier, yet provide structural flexibility. The functional unit of skin consists of the stratified epidermis and dermis (including dermal adipose and skin appendages such as hair follicles, sweat, and sebaceous glands) as well as the panniculus carnosus (PC) muscle and the subcutaneous fascia. Notably, the human skin has a thicker epidermis and dermis compared with mouse skin, and the epidermis exhibits undulations forming the rete ridge and inter-ridge (also known as dermal papillae) structures that are absent in mouse skin.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Adhesion Protein Sialylation
The importance of adhesion protein sialylation was recognized by studying the changes of adhesion behavior of human tissue cells exposed in vitro to microgravity. Proteins involved in cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix adhesion were investigated by retrieving and evaluation of information about sialylation of cell adhesion molecules detected by omics studies on cells, which change their adhesion behavior when exposed to microgravity. Using a knowledge graph created from experimental omics data and semantic searches across several reference databases, sialylation of adhesion proteins glycosylated at their extracellular domains and their impact in cellular processes were studied. This way, experimental omics data networked with the current knowledge about binding of sialic acids to cell adhesion proteins, its regulation and interactions in-between those proteins provided insights in the mechanisms behind experimental findings suggesting that balancing sialylation against de-sialylation of the terminal ends of the adhesion proteins’ glycans influences the binding activity of adhesion proteins, the interaction of cells and their aggregation. This shed light on the transition from the cells’ growth in a monolayer to spheroid formation observed in microgravity mirroring cell migration and cancer metastasis in vivo.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Energy Efficiency Measures
Nowadays, the importance of implementing energy efficiency (EE) measures is growing significantly worldwide, based on its potential to reduce energy demands and mitigate climate change effects. 
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
17-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 3 Deficiency
17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 deficiency is a condition that affects male sexual development. People with this condition are genetically male, with one X and one Y chromosome in each cell, and they have male gonads (testes). Their bodies, however, do not produce enough of a male sex hormone (androgen) called testosterone. Testosterone has a critical role in male sexual development, and a shortage of this hormone disrupts the formation of the external sex organs before birth.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by features called obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are intrusive thoughts, mental images, or urges to perform specific actions. While the particular obsessions vary widely, they often include fear of illness or contamination; a desire for symmetry or getting things "just right;" or intrusive thoughts involving religion, sex, or aggression. Compulsions consist of the repetitive performance of certain actions, such as checking or verifying, washing, counting, arranging, acting out specific routines, or seeking assurance. These behaviors are performed to relieve anxiety, rather than to seek pleasure as in other compulsive behaviors like gambling, eating, or sex.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Jan 2021
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