Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Polymeric Structures
Certain natural and synthetic polymers are versatile materials that have already proved themselves to be highly suitable for the development of the next-generation of antimicrobial systems that can efficiently prevent and kill microbes in various environments.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 May 2021
Topic Review
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a widespread, tick-borne pathogen that causes Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) with high morbidity and mortality. CCHFV is transmitted to humans through tick bites or direct contact with patients or infected animals with viremia. Currently, climate change and globalization have increased the transmission risk of this biosafety level (BSL)-4 virus.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cenobamate
Medical management of epilepsy seeks to eliminate or to reduce the frequency of seizures, help patients maintain a normal lifestyle, and maintain psychosocial and occupational activities, while avoiding the negative side effects of long-term treatment. Current FDA approved drugs have been shown to have similar efficacy; however, they all share a commonality of having side effects that have the potential to significantly reduce a patient’s quality of life. Cenobamate, a newly-FDA approved drug used to treat partial-onset seizures in adult patients, has demonstrated promise in that it works on two proposed mechanisms that are commonly associated with epilepsy. Cenobamate acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA ion channels and is effective in reducing repetitive neuronal firing by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels, although the complete mechanism of action is currently unknown. The efficacy of Cenobamate with its low toxicity and adverse drug reaction profile emphasizes the need to further evaluate antiepileptic therapies containing sulfamoylphenyl and/or carbamate moieties in their chemical structure. Recent studies have found more patients to be seizure free during the maintenance period when compared to placebo. The most common side effects reported in with Cenobamate are somnolence, dizziness, headache, nausea, and fatigue. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Natural Milk Microbiota
Profound bioactivities of raw breastmilk include benefits attributed to the dense and diverse natural microbiota, termed natural microbiota hereafter. Infants benefit from breastfeeding not just nutritionally, but by both ‘seeding and feeding’ the infant gut , providing microbes that seed the naïve gastrointestinal (GI or gut) ecosystem and nutritive components that feed both infant and microbial cells.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Biomarker Studies in Stress Biology
Endpoints assessed at the population or community level are most often the result of the sum of effects on individuals, arising from the effects at the cellular and molecular levels. Within this framework, these lower biological level endpoints are more responsive at an early stage of exposure, making them potential toolboxes to be used as early-warning markers to address stress. Given this, by linking responses and understanding organisms’ metabolism and physiology, the possibilities for the use of biomarkers in stress biology are vast.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Arboviral Disease Outbreaks in the Pacific Islands Countries
Arthropod-borne viral (arboviral) diseases are a significant global health problem accounting for >17% of all infectious disease cases and 1 million deaths worldwide annually. Arboviral diseases are infections caused by over 100 viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Reoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae families. These viruses are spread to humans through arthropods, including mosquitos, ticks, and flies.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Impact of Aging on the Ovarian Extracellular Matrix
Advances in medical care, improvements in sanitation, and rising living standards contribute to increased life expectancy. Although this reflects positive human development, it also poses new challenges. Among these, reproductive aging is gradually becoming a key health issue because the age of menopause has remained constant at ~50 years, leading women to live longer in suboptimal endocrine conditions. An adequate understanding of ovarian senescence mechanisms is essential to prevent age-related diseases and to promote wellbeing, health, and longevity in women. 
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Waste Conversion for Fuel Gas Production
The problems of the annual formation of industrial waste are common to a wide group of industries, particularly chemical, petrochemical, coal, gas, and wood processing. The most typical wastes of these industries are coal tar, waste oils, oil sludge, filter cakes, coal slime, sawdust, wood shavings, etc. Most of these materials and components pose a significant environmental threat.  A successful solution to these problems is possible due to the use of auxiliary fuel; boiler modifications; oxy-fuel combustion; and the preparation of multi-component fuels, including the use of additives. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Ultra-Wideband Antenna on a Polymeric Substrate
The design, simulation, realization, and measurement of an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna on a polymeric substrate have been realized. The UWB antenna was prepared using conventional technology, such as copper etching; inkjet printing, which is regarded as a modern and progressive nano-technology; and polymer thick-film technology in the context of screen-printing technology. The thick-film technology-based UWB antenna has a bandwidth of 3.8 GHz, with a central frequency of 9 GHz, and a frequency range of 6.6 to 10.4 GHz. In addition to a comparison of the technologies described, the results show that the mesh of the screens has a significant impact on the quality of the UWB antenna when utilizing polymeric screen-printing pastes.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lobomycosis Epidemiology and Management
Lobomycosis is a chronic disease caused by Lacazia loboi, which is endemic to the Amazon rainforest, where it affects forest dwellers in Brazil. There is no disease control program and no official therapeutic protocol. This situation contributes to an unknown disease prevalence and unmet needs of people disabled by this disease who seek access to treatment. An effective therapy for lobomycosis has been found following decades of research led by the State Dermatology Program of Acre in the Amazon rainforest, where the largest number of cases occur. This discovery opened new avenues for future studies.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
The Angiogenic Balance
Angiogenesis is the process of developing new blood vessels from pre-existing ones.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Autism Diagnostic Interview
The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) is a structured interview conducted with the parents of individuals who have been referred for the evaluation of possible autism or autism spectrum disorders. The interview, used by researchers and clinicians for decades, can be used for diagnostic purposes for anyone with a mental age of at least 24 months and measures behavior in the areas of reciprocal social interaction, communication and language, and patterns of behavior.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Computational Resource for Drug Discovery
Computational Resources for Drug Discovery (CRDD) is one of the important silico modules of Open Source for Drug Discovery (OSDD). The CRDD web portal provides computer resources related to drug discovery on a single platform. It provides computational resources for researchers in computer-aided drug design, a discussion forum, and resources to maintain Wikipedia related to drug discovery, predict inhibitors, and predict the ADME-Tox property of molecules One of the major objectives of CRDD is to promote open source software in the field of chemoinformatics and pharmacoinformatics.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Monkeypox Diagnosis Approaches
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an adenovirus with a double-stranded DNA genome, belonging to the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, and the genus Orthopoxvirus. MPXV was first reported in 1958 after two pox-like disease outbreaks occurred in monkeys. The original source of MPXV is unknown. Rodents likely harbor the virus, leading to spillover events. The case of human infection by MPXV was first reported in humans in in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Collision Avoidance Systems for Underground Mines
With the growing number of unintentional interactions occurring in underground mines, Collision Avoidance System (CAS) establishment and maintenance has become an urgent need for mining industries to enhance their risk profile and improve construction safety. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Improvement of Vacuum Preloading System
The vacuum preloading system consists of vertical drains, horizontal vacuum pipes embedded in a layer of the sand blanket, membranes, and vacuum pumps. Studies have confirmed that vacuum preloading can effectively accelerate the consolidation process of soft soil. Further improvement in the efficiency of this method is still the continuing goal of scholars.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Food-Based Carbon Dots for Biomedical Applications
Thermal treatment is one of the common methods used in food processing to reduce microbial activity and control the presence of foodborne pathogens. During thermal processing, carbonization reactions are often observed in foods, which could result in the formation of carbon dots (CDs). Typical CDs are regarded as organic carbonization products with sizes less than 20 nm, exhibiting excitation-dependent fluorescence properties. They possess sp2/sp3 carbon skeletons and feature an abundance of functional groups and polymer chains within their structures. The surface of CDs is rich in hydrophilic compounds, including carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amine groups, contributing to their excellent water dispersibility.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nature-Inspired Designs in Wind Energy: A Review
The field of wind energy stands at the forefront of sustainable and renewable energy solutions, playing a pivotal role in mitigating environmental concerns and addressing global energy demands. Biomimetics, drawing inspiration from biological systems, has long intrigued engineers and designers, tracing back to Leonardo da Vinci’s studies of bird flight and even earlier to myths like Daedalus and Icarus. Historical references, including King Solomon’s throne adorned with mechanical creatures and the Talmud’s tales of the Golem, illustrate this enduring fascination.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota Alterations in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease characterized by immune cell infiltration in the central nervous system and destruction of myelin sheaths. Alterations of gut bacteria abundances are present in MS patients. In mouse models of neuroinflammation, depletion of microbiota results in amelioration of symptoms, and gavage with MS patient microbiota exacerbates the disease and inflammation via Th17 cells. 
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Genome Editing Technologies
Genome editing is the technique of precise genome modifications that facilitate the targeted modifications within the genome through the deletions, insertions, or substitution of single base or specific sequences.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Mar 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2729
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback