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Topic Review
The Gamma-Tubulin Meshwork
γTubulin is part of a family of GTPases called the tubulins. Due to the self-polymerizing ability of γ-tubulin, in combination with its presence in all cellular compartments, γtubulin can be organized in γ-strings, and γ-tubules, and the γ-strings associated with the centrosome. These components are interlinked to form a cellular meshwork in both the cytosol (including all cellular organelles) and the nuclear compartment.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Tubular Aggregate Myopathy
Tubular aggregate myopathy is a disorder that primarily affects the skeletal muscles, which are muscles the body uses for movement.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Anticancer Potential of Piper nigrum
Current anticancer therapy suffers from several limitations, including lack of selectivity and multidrug resistance. Natural products represent an excellent opportunity for the identification of new therapeutic options due to their safety, low toxicity, and general availability. Piper nigrum is one of the most popular species in the world, with growing fame as a source of bioactive molecules with pharmacological properties. Undeniable anticancer properties are reportetd for different Piper nigrum constituents, such as its main alkaloid piperine.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Saliva-Assisted Transmission
Saliva-assisted transmission (SAT) is defined as the property of tick saliva to enhance the transmission and establishment of tick-borne pathogens. Tick saliva contains multiple biomolecules that act to repress host immune responses, hemostasis, inflammation, and itchiness. These molecules can be exploited by tick-borne pathogens by increasing their expression or directly binding. The focus of this entry is in defining the mechanism that tick-borne pathogens use to subvert tick salivary secretions in their advantage.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cancer Chemoprevention
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process characterized by a progression of molecular changes that ultimately transform a cell to undergo uncontrolled proliferation.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Wearable Chemosensors
The progress in wearable chemosensors is presented with attention drawn to the measuring technologies, their ability to provide robust data, the manufacturing techniques, as well their autonomy and ability to produce power. However, from statistical studies, the issue of patients’ trust in these technologies has arisen. People do not trust their personal data be transferred, stored, and processed through the vastness of the internet, which allows for timely diagnosis and treatment. The issue of power consumption and autonomy of chemosensor-integrated devices is also studied and the most recent solutions to this problem thoroughly presented.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
HDPs in Skin Wound Healing
Cutaneous wound healing is a vital biological process that aids skin regeneration upon injury. Wound healing failure results from persistent inflammatory conditions observed in diabetes, or autoimmune diseases like psoriasis. Chronic wounds are incurable due to factors like poor oxygenation, aberrant function of peripheral sensory nervature, inadequate nutrients and blood tissue supply. The most significant hallmark of chronic wounds is heavily aberrant immune skin function. As the first line of defence against pathogenic bacterial infection, host defence peptides (HDPs) are a critical element in preventing biofilm-associated infections. A decline in sufficiently effective antibiotic treatments due to growing problems with antibiotic resistance may be ameliorated with alternatives to conventional antibiotics like peptides with antimicrobial properties. Aside from bacterial pathogen inactivation by disrupting their cell membranes, host defence peptides also have immunomodulatory properties, due to their ability to stimulate the cross-talk between immune cells promoting cutaneous wound healing in a healthier manner.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Bromodomain Proteins in Cancer
This review provides an in depth analysis of the role of bromodomain-containing proteins in cancer development. As readers of acetylated lysine on nucleosomal histones, bromodomain proteins are poised to activate gene expression, and often promote cancer progression. We examined changes in gene expression patterns that are observed in bromodomain-containing proteins and associated with specific cancer types. We also mapped the protein–protein interaction network for the human bromodomain-containing proteins, discuss the cellular roles of these epigenetic regulators as part of nine different functional groups, and identify bromodomain-specific mechanisms in cancer development. Lastly, we summarize emerging strategies to target bromodomain proteins in cancer therapy, including those that may be essential for overcoming resistance. Overall, this review provides a timely discussion of the different mechanisms of bromodomain-containing proteins in cancer, and an updated assessment of their utility as a therapeutic target for a variety of cancer subtypes.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypercholesterolemia is a widespread hereditary metabolic disease caused by elevated serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), leading to premature coronary artery disease. Hypercholesterolemia is one of the leading causes of CVD, and when treated appropriately, it can reduce the risk of CVD-related morbidity and death.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Macrocyclic Receptors
An important direction in the design of tetrapyrrole macrocyclic receptors for a certain substrate type is modification of the macrocycle periphery with bulky substituents or molecular fragments of different natures. Bulky highly-branched lateral substituents are capable of forming additional complexing cavities that can be used for identification and selective binding of substrates of a certain type.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Medicago tunetana (Murb.) A.W. Hill
Medicago tunetana (Murb.) A.W. Hill, a perennial endemic pastoral species, grows at the canopy of Pinus halepensis Mill. plantations forest of the Tunisian Dorsal. Although M. tunetana is an interested pasture legume with its abiotic stress tolerance  rhizome production, it is a rare species and threatened to disappear because of overgrazing. Whereas, it could contribute in the agro-pastoral systems development in its native regions of Tunisian ridge.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Virtual Learning Engagement and Student Academic Performance
This project aims to better understand the relationship among online engagement indicators, continuous assessment marks and personal factors in predicting student performance in final exams.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Extremely Acidic Eukaryotic (Micro) Organisms
Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) results from sulfide oxidation, which incorporates hydrogen ions, sulfate, and metals/metalloids into the aquatic environment, allowing fixation, bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pollutants in the aquatic food chain. Acidic leachates from waste rock dams from pyritic and (to a lesser extent) coal mining are the main foci of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) production. 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Stem Cell Theory of Cancer
The stem cell theory of cancer predicates that both normal and cancer stem cells can be induced into or released from dormancy depending on their multipotential constraints and microenvironment restraints. A unified theory of cancer predicts that even though genetic makeup in cancer dormancy maybe pivotal, cellular context must be paramount. After all, both normal stem cells and cancer stem cells proliferate and differentiate. They can be stationary and migratory. They can be static and dynamic. Importantly, gonadal germ cells are prototype stem cells and germ cell tumor of the testis (TGCT) is a model stem cell cancer.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Polyphenols in Renal Pathophysiology
Kidney diseases constitute a worldwide public health problem, contributing to morbidity and mortality. An overview of the published data regarding the potential beneficial effects of polyphenols on major kidney diseases, namely acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, renal cancer, and drug-induced nephrotoxicity.The biological effects of polyphenols can be highly attributed to the modulation of specific signaling cascades including those involved in oxidative stress responses, anti-inflammation processes, and apoptosis. There is increasing evidence that polyphenols afford great potential in renal disease protection. However, this evidence (especially when in vitro studies are involved) should be considered with caution before its clinical translation, particularly due to the unfavorable pharmacokinetics and extensive metabolization that polyphenols undergo in the human body. Future research should consider polyphenols and their metabolites that indeed reach kidney tissues.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Chitosan-Based Materials and Devices
Chitosan is one of the most studied polysaccharides in recent decades for its biomedical application. This polymer is derived from chitin, the main component in the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans, a homopolymer consisting of β-(1→4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The degree of deacetylation of chitosan depends on the conditions applied during the deacetylation process—such as temperature or sodium hydroxide concentration—and determines various properties of the polymer, such as pKa, solubility, and viscosity. Chitosan has been used in a broad assortment of medical materials and devices. Each system benefits from the properties that chitosan can provide for surgical applications. The shape, porosity, consistency, and size of the fabricated systems can be precisely tuned for the intended application.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Stilbenes, Phenolic Acids and Tannin Nutraceuticals and Metabolites
Nutraceuticals are generally defined as a food or part of a food that provides benefits to health in addition to its nutritional content. They have been receiving increasing attention due to their potential role as adjuvants against non-communicable chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, etc.). Positive effects have been reported associated with an average dietary consumption of several nutraceutical classes, meaning that the primary compound might not be solely responsible for all the biological effects. The in vivo activities of such biomolecules might be carried out by metabolites derived from gut microbiota fermentative transformation.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacological Properties of Alisols
More than 100 protostane triterpenoids have been isolated from the dried rhizomes of Alisma species, designated Alismatis rhizoma (AR), commonly used in Asian traditional medicine to treat inflammatory and vascular diseases. The main products are the alisols, with the lead compounds alisol-A/-B and their acetate derivatives being the most abundant products in the plant and the best-known bioactive products.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Relational Approach to Quantum Physics
The relational approach to quantum physics is an alternative approach to and interpretation of quantum mechanics. It asserts that the physical world can only be studied accurately in terms of relationships between systems, as all experimentally verifiable facts about the world result explicitly from interactions (such as the interaction between a light field and a detector). According to the relational approach, the assumption that objects possess absolute properties (such as an absolute particle, independent of any detection frame) inevitably leads to ambiguities and paradoxes when these objects are studied closely. The approach was adopted, in a time span of 1992-1996, by Q. Zheng, S. Hughes, and T. Kobayashi in the University of Tokyo. As early as in 1985, S. Kochen suggested that the paradoxes of quantum physics could be overcome by developing a relational approach, which was needed at one time to solve the paradoxes of relativistic physics of space and time. It is also hoped that this entry will serve as a complement to Rovelli’s relational quantum mechanics (RQM). Historically, the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics were intertwined with each other and the compatibility between both theories was a main theme throughout the Bohr-Einstein debate. In both theories the physicists emphasized that only measurable quantities, that is, observables, belong in a theory. Bohr compared his approach to Einstein’s theory of relativity and asserted that in the treatment of quantum processes the complementarity of the measuring results cannot be ignored, just as in high-speed phenomena the relativity of observation cannot be neglected when the simultaneity comes into question. But Einstein replied: “A good joke should not be repeated too often.” The debate continued in connection with Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, and Bohr proposed the relational conception of quantum states. Through their analysis Bohm and Schumacher concluded that the characteristic feature of this debate is the failure to communicate due to the absence of a full harmony of quantum mechanics with relativity. Modern attempts to embrace a relational approach with interpretations of quantum mechanics have been tried many times, ranging from Everett's relative-state interpretation (Everett, 1957), sigma algebra of interactive properties (Kochen, 1979), quantum reference systems (Bene, 1992), quantum theory of the universe (Smolin, 1995), to relational quantum mechanics (Rovelli, 1996). They more or less emphasize the relational nature of quantum states. For more information, please refer to the further reading list.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
August 2013 NASDAQ Flash Freeze
For three hours on August 22, 2013, trading was halted on the Nasdaq Stock Market. Trading on the exchange stopped at 12:14pm and resumed at 3:25pm, with 35 minutes left of trading for the day. One week after the trading halt NASDAQ OMX credited the freeze to an overloading of the Securities Information Processor (SIP) caused by reconnection issues with the New York Stock Exchange Arca. The freeze received substantial media coverage and generated discussions on the security of increasingly technologically advanced stock exchanges. The event coined the term "flash freeze" following the earlier "flash crash" on May 6, 2010. Throughout the freeze the Nasdaq composite remained at 3631.17. Following the reopening of the market it rose, closing at 3,638.71, 1.1% higher. Shares of the Nasdaq exchange closed 3.42% down following the freeze.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Nov 2022
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