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Topic Review
Dendritic Cells -Based Cancer Immunotherapy
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells in humans and animals that provide antigen-specific T-cell immunity in the body. It also establishes a linkage between innate and adaptive immune responses. Various studies have shown that malignancies or cancer may impair DCs and effector T-cell functions. DCs have now become a new molecular target for the treatment of cancer. Modified matured DCs could be novel biological modifiers to treat various diseases, including cancer. Mounting evidence from preclinical and clinical findings suggests that various plants and their bioactive phytochemicals are effective in modulating the immune system and signaling pathways involved in anti-tumor immunity.
  • 590
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Role of Mitochondria in Somatic Stem Cell Differentiation
While mitochondrial biogenesis has been previously demonstrated in number of differentiation models, it is only recently that the role of mitochondrial dynamics has started to be explored. The discovery of asymmetric distribution of mitochondria in stem cell progeny has strengthened the interest in the field.
  • 590
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
SMIFH2 Targets
The discovery of small molecule inhibitor of formin homology 2 domains (SMIFH2) has provided a unique tool to explore formins’ functions from the molecular to the organismal scales. Due to the important pathophysiological roles of formins in eukaryotes, SMIFH2 has been widely used.
  • 589
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Enzymatic Cleavages
Human whole saliva is a hypotonic fluid lining the oral cavity and is composed of water (99%) and a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds resulting from salivary gland secretion, oral flora, the oropharynx, the upper airway, gastrointestinal reflux, gingival crevicular fluid, food deposits, and mucosal surface secretion containing blood-derived components. The most-common PTM detectable in human saliva is the proteolytic cleavage of proteins.
  • 588
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Heterologous Expression of Human SoLute Carrier in Yeast
For more than 20 years, yeast has been a widely used system for the expression of human membrane transporters. Among them, more than 400 are members of the largest transporter family, the SoLute Carrier (SLC) superfamily. SLCs play critical roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis by transporting nutrients, ions, and waste products. Based on their involvement in drug absorption and in several human diseases, they are considered emerging therapeutic targets.
  • 588
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
BRCA1 and Metastasis: Outcome of Defective DNA Repair
BRCA1 has critical functions in accurately repairing double stand breaks in the DNA through a process known as homologous recombination. BRCA1 also has various functions in other cellular processes that safeguard the genome. Thus, mutations or silencing of this tumor suppressor significantly increases the risk of developing breast, ovarian, and other cancers. The objective of this review is to provide significant insights into the mechanisms by which BRCA1 mutations contribute to the metastatic and aggressive nature of the tumor cells. 
  • 587
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Coenzyme A Biosynthesis and Malaria
Malaria parasites must acquire all necessary nutrients from the vertebrate and mosquito hosts to successfully complete their life cycle. Failure to acquire these nutrients can limit or even block parasite development and presents a novel target for malaria control. One such essential nutrient is pantothenate, also known as vitamin B5, which the parasite cannot synthesize de novo and is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) in the parasite. CoA is an essential cofactor in many cellular processes, including glucose oxidation, fatty acid synthesis, ketogenesis, amino acid metabolism, and protein acetylation, where CoA acts as a carrier of activated acetate.
  • 587
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Chromatin Remodeler MORC2 in Cancer
A newly discovered chromatin remodeler, MORC2, is a Microrchidia (MORC) family member. MORC2 acts as a chromatin remodeler by binding to the DNA and changing chromatin conformation using its ATPase domain. MORC2 is highly expressed in a variety of human cancers. It controls diverse signaling pathways essential for cancer development through its target genes and interacting partners.
  • 587
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Membrane-Domain Subtypes
Lipid membrane nanodomains are membrane areas enriched on proteins that can form oligomers and cluster in the membranes. The formation of these oligomers is favored by cholesterol and other lipid species. The described size of these domains is diverse, from 10–200 nm diameter, and their characteristics are sometimes associated with the lipid microenvironment ruling the interaction between cholesterol- and sphingolipids and proteins enriched in these domains, gathering different proteins with different roles, in the same domain. Isolation and characterization of plasma membrane proteins by differential centrifugation and proteomic studies have revealed a remarkable diversity of proteins in these domains. The limited size of the lipid membrane nanodomain challenges the simple possibility that all of them can coexist within the same lipid membrane domain.
  • 587
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cancer Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Cancer cells, especially cancer stem cells (CSCs), share many molecular features with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that enable the derivation of induced pluripotent cancer cells by reprogramming malignant cells. Conversely, normal iPSCs can be converted into cancer stem-like cells with the help of tumor microenvironment components and genetic manipulation. These CSC models can be utilized in oncogenic initiation and progression studies, understanding drug resistance, and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
  • 587
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Defects and Cardiac Epigenome during COVID-19
Heart diseases, including congenital heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disorders, are considered comorbidities that render a major mortality risk to COVID-19 patients and make the treatment procedure extremely challenging. CHDs and cardiovascular disorders increase the susceptibility to heart failure which is much increased in patients of COVID-19. Epigenetic perturbations through DNA methylation, histone modification, nc-RNA and so on, with alterations in transcriptome and proteome are reported in COVID-19 patients.
  • 586
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome and Gene Mutation in NOTCH2
Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (HCS) is a rare autosomal dominant manifestation of a congenital genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the NOTCH2 gene. NOTCH signaling has variations from NOTCH 1 to 4 and maintains homeostasis by determining and regulating the proliferation and differentiation of various cells. In HCS, the over-accumulated NOTCH2 causes abnormal bone resorption due to its continuous excessive signaling. HCS is characterized by progressive bone destruction, has complex wide-range clinical manifestations, and significantly impacts the patient’s quality of life.
  • 585
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Role of Selenium in Redox Biology
Living organisms use selenium mainly in the form of selenocysteine in the active site of oxidoreductases. Here, selenium’s unique chemistry is believed to modulate the reaction mechanism and enhance the catalytic efficiency of specific enzymes in ways not achievable with a sulfur-containing cysteine. However, despite the fact that selenium/sulfur have different physicochemical properties, several selenoproteins have fully functional cysteine-containing homologues and some organisms do not use selenocysteine at all. 
  • 585
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Monomeric Extracellular Ubiquitin
Ubiquitin (Ub) was discovered in 1975 in bovine thymus and subsequently found in multiple organisms and tissues. Ub is a small 76-amino-acid protein with a molecular weight of 8.6 kDa and a surface area of 4800 Å2. It is highly conserved across species. Indeed, human and mouse Ub are identical and differ from yeast by only two amino acids (96% sequence identity), indicating a well-conserved role in regulating important cellular processes across diverse and evolutionarily distant organisms. Ub is encoded by four different genes in humans; two of them, UBA52 and RSP27A, encode for a single Ub fused to the ribosomal L40 and S27A proteins, respectively, whereas the other two, UBB and UBC, produce three and nine head-to-tail tandem Ubs with a C-terminal cysteine (C) or valine (V), respectively. After expression, the polyubiquitins, as well as the C-terminal C or V extensions, are processed by specific cellular deubiquitinases (DUBs) to generate Ub.
  • 585
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
MiR-223 as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers in Cancer
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that function in the regulation of gene expression and regulate a wide array of biological processes, including carcinogenesis. Several mechanisms are involved in miRNA-associated cancer development, such as amplification or deletion of miRNA genes, abnormal transcriptional control of miRNAs, dysregulated epigenetic changes, and defects in miRNA biogenesis machinery. MiRNA-223 has been found to be a critical miRNA that is involved in a wide range of molecular processes. It is involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokines, epithelial homeostasis, immune checkpoint signaling pathways, apoptosis, cell cycle, cell proliferation, invasion, and chemosensitivity. Published literature has demonstrated that miRNA-223 expression is associated with cancer development and prevention. Mir-223 functions as either a tumor suppressor or oncogene under certain circumstances, containing multiple targets or specific targets. Hence, miR-223 could be a potential candidate diagnostic biomarker, prognostic biomarker, or therapeutic target of cancer. 
  • 584
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Modulatory Signals in the Regulation of Bicarbonate Transporters
Bicarbonate transporters are responsible for the appropriate flux of bicarbonate across the plasma membrane to perform various fundamental cellular functions. The functions of bicarbonate transporters, including pH regulation, cell migration, and inflammation, are highlighted in various cellular systems, encompassing their participation in both physiological and pathological processes. 
  • 584
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mapping the Protein Kinome
The kinome includes over 500 different protein kinases, which form an integrated kinase network that regulates cellular phosphorylation signals. The kinome plays a central role in almost every cellular process and has strong linkages with many diseases. Thus, the evaluation of the cellular kinome in the physiological environment is essential to understand biological processes, disease development, and to target therapy. A number of strategies for kinome analysis have been developed, which are based on monitoring the phosphorylation of kinases or substrates. They have enabled researchers to tackle increasingly complex biological problems and pathological processes, and have promoted the development of kinase inhibitors. Additionally, with the increasing interest in how kinases participate in biological processes at spatial scales, it has become urgent to develop tools to estimate spatial kinome activity. With multidisciplinary efforts, a growing number of novel approaches have the potential to be applied to spatial kinome analysis. 
  • 584
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Piezo1 in Digestive System Function and Dysfunction
Piezo1, a non-selective cation channel directly activated by mechanical forces, is widely expressed in the digestive system and participates in biological functions physiologically and pathologically.
  • 583
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Carbonic Anhydrase in Carbon Capture Storage
Direct biocatalytic processes for CO2 capture and transformation in value-added chemicals may be considered a useful tool for reducing the concentration of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Among the other enzymes, carbonic anhydrase (CA) and formate dehydrogenase (FDH) are two key biocatalysts suitable for this challenge, facilitating the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in complementary ways. 
  • 582
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Monooxygenases and Antibiotic Resistance
Carbapenems are a group of broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics that in many cases are the last effective defense against infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as some strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Resistance to carbapenems has emerged and is beginning to spread, becoming an ongoing public-health problem of global dimensions, causing serious outbreaks, and dramatically limiting treatment options. 
  • 582
  • 09 Nov 2023
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