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Topic Review
Electrochemical Enzyme-based Biosensors
Electrochemical enzyme-based biosensors are analytical devices composed of a bio-recognition material and a transducer.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Gasochromic WO3 Nanostructures
Gasochromic WO3 nanostructure sensors work based on changes in their optical properties and color variation when exposed to hydrogen gas. They can work at low or room temperatures and, therefore, are good candidates for the detection of hydrogen leakage with low risk of explosion. Once their morphology and chemical composition are carefully designed, they can be used for the realization of sensitive, selective, low-cost, and flexible hydrogen sensors.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Fluorescent Immunoassays for Cardiac Troponin
Troponin is a complex of three proteins that regulate the contraction of skeletal and cardiac muscles. The measurement of cardiac troponin levels in patient's blood has become the “gold standard” indicator of myocardial infarction (MI) (“heart attack”). The measurements are conducted using an immunoassay that specifically and selectively detects troponin through antibody-protein binding and emits through a fluorescent output signal for quantification.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
L-Arginine
l-Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid involved in numerous biological processes. It is a substrate for different enzymatic reactions and is metabolized using three major known pathways in the body: (1) Arginase metabolizes l-Arginine to l-ornithine, (2) l-Arginine decarboxylase metabolizes l-Arginine to agmatine, and (3) nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) uses l-Arginine to form NO and citrulline.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Bacillus cereus sensu lato
The potential presence of spore-forming bacteria related to the Bacillus cereus group in Mexican chili powder elaborated from Capsicum annuum L. is of commercial and clinical interest, because chili powder is an essential spice in the Mexican diet and in diets around the globe.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Volatile Compounds in Pulses
The worldwide demand for pulse-based products is increasing in the face of climate change, but their acceptability is limited due to the presence of off-flavours. Off-notes contribute to negative perceptions of pulses (beany notes). Volatile compounds belong to a large variety of chemical classes. They are mainly produced from the oxidation of unsaturated free fatty acids and the degradation of amino acids during seed development, storage, and transformation (dehulling, milling, and starch or protein production).
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Plant-Based Byproducts as Fining Agents for Winemaking
An increasing number of consumers demand traceability along the entire food production chain for several reasons, including to avoid the use of animal proteins as coadjuvants in plant-based products such as wine. To achieve sustainable, organic, and environmentally friendly wines, enologists are seeking plant-based and allergen-free alternatives to traditional fining agents. 
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Properties and Magnetocaloric Effect of Pr2Co7 Compound
The Pr2Co7 compound has interesting magnetic properties, such as a high Curie temperature TC and uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy. It crystallizes in a hexagonal structure (2:7 H) of the Ce2Ni7 type and is stable at relatively low temperatures (Ta ≤ 1023 K), or it has a rhombohedral structure (2:7 R) of the Gd2Co7 type and is stable at high temperatures (Ta ≥ 1223 K). Studies of the magnetocaloric properties of the nanocrystalline Pr2Co7 compound have shown the existence of a large reversible magnetic entropy change (ΔSM) with a second-order magnetic transition. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Critical MIM + SH Processing Parameters
Metal injection molding (MIM) combined with the use of a space holder (SH) is a very attractive route for the fabrication of highly porous titanium and titanium alloy components for biomedical applications. This approach allows fine control of the morphology, architecture, and purity of very complex net-shaped components.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
The Vascular Microenvironment in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma multiforme, the deadliest primary brain tumor, is characterized by an excessive and aberrant neovascularization. The initial expectations raised by anti-angiogenic drugs were soon tempered due to their limited efficacy in improving the overall survival. Intrinsic resistance and escape mechanisms against anti-VEGF therapies evidenced that tumor angiogenesis is an intricate multifaceted phenomenon and that vessels not only support the tumor but exert indispensable interactions for resistance and spreading. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Trial
Clinical trials are experiments or observations done in clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on safety and efficacy. They are conducted only after they have received health authority/ethics committee approval in the country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial – their approval does not mean that the therapy is 'safe' or effective, only that the trial may be conducted. Depending on product type and development stage, investigators initially enroll volunteers or patients into small pilot studies, and subsequently conduct progressively larger scale comparative studies. Clinical trials can vary in size and cost, and they can involve a single research center or multiple centers, in one country or in multiple countries. Clinical study design aims to ensure the scientific validity and reproducibility of the results. Costs for clinical trials can range into the billions of dollars per approved drug. The sponsor may be a governmental organization or a pharmaceutical, biotechnology or medical device company. Certain functions necessary to the trial, such as monitoring and lab work, may be managed by an outsourced partner, such as a contract research organization or a central laboratory. Only 10 percent of all drugs started in human clinical trials become an approved drug.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Australian Studies
Australian studies forms part of the academic field of cultural studies. It involves an examination of what constructs Australia national identity. This area of scholarship traditionally involves the study of Australian history, society and culture but can be extended to the study of Australian politics and economics. This area of scholarship also includes the study of Australia’s Indigenous population, Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders. Scholarship in Australian studies is offered at many Tertiary Institutions and topics within the field form part of the primary and secondary Australian Curriculum.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Religious Backgrounds and Legalisation of Suicide
Religion and laws, although the two have been linked for a long time and in some countries still are, also influence suicide-related views in the population.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Parkinson’s Disease and Melatonin
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex, multisystem disorder with both neurologic and systemic manifestations, which is usually associated with non-motor symptoms, including sleep disorders. Such associated sleep disorders are commonly observed as REM sleep behavior disorder, insomnia, sleep-related breathing disorders, excessive daytime sleepiness, restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements. Melatonin has a wide range of regulatory effects, such as synchronizing circadian rhythm, and is expected to be a potential new circadian treatment of sleep disorders in PD patients.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
General Issues and Status Quo of Polymeric Micelles
Polymeric micelles represent drug delivery nanosystems that possess a core–shell structure and are created when amphiphilic block copolymers (ABCs) self-assemble in an aqueous solution. Polymeric micelles also refer to systems where the lipophilic portion of the amphiphilic polymer is directed to the center of the micelles and the hydrophilic portion is directed outward. 
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Blockchain-Based Loyalty Programs
Loyalty platforms are designed to increase customer loyalty and thus increase consumers’ attraction to purchase. Loyalty programs are one of the main options for brands to increase their accessibility and attractiveness. However, these systems have shortcomings that can influence interaction with users. Blockchain is an innovative technology capable of transforming the behavior of these systems and solving current problems.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Machine Learning in Tunnel Boring Machines
Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) typically consist of a rotating cutter head that breaks up the rock or soil and a conveyor system that removes the excavated material. TBMs are preferred over traditional drill and blast techniques due to their higher efficiency, safer working conditions, minimal environmental disturbance, and reduced project costs. TBMs have become prevalent in tunnel construction due to their high efficiency and reliability. The proliferation of data obtained from site investigations and data acquisition systems provides an opportunity for the application of machine learning (ML) techniques. ML algorithms have been successfully applied in TBM tunneling because they are particularly effective in capturing complex, non-linear relationships.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Gas Turbines to the Hydrogen Energy Move
Land-based gas turbines (GTs) are continuous-flow engines that run with permanent flames once started and at stationary pressure, temperature, and flows at stabilized load. Combustors operate without any moving parts and their substantial air excess enables complete combustion. These features provide significant space for designing efficient and versatile combustion systems. In particular, as heavy-duty gas turbines have moderate compression ratios and ample stall margins, they can burn not only high- and medium-BTU fuels but also low-BTU ones. Hydrogen is an energy carrier and not a primary energy as there are very scarce natural sources thereof; the rare reservoirs of hydrogen originate from chemical reactions inside the earth crust and are sometimes referred to as “natural H2”or “white H2”.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Techniques for Synthesizing Metal Oxides
Supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted attention as an important energy source for various applications owing to their high power outputs and outstanding energy densities. The electrochemical performance of an SC device is predominantly determined by electrode materials, and thus, the selection and synthesis of the materials are crucial.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Overview of Chromosomic Evolution in Birds
Birds (Aves) are the most speciose of terrestrial vertebrates, displaying Class-specific characteristics yet incredible external phenotypic diversity. Critical to agriculture and as model organisms, birds have adapted to many habitats. The only extant examples of dinosaurs, birds emerged ~150 mya and >10% are currently threatened with extinction.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Jul 2026
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