You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Principles of Bipolar Electrochemistry
Analytical techniques based on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and bipolar electrochemistry (BPE) [ECL-BPE] have emerged as indispensable tools in various fields, and of particular interest, in biosensing. BPE has been a robust and reliable technique for some time now, and it has been used since the early 1970s for designing electrochemical reactors and batteries.
  • 869
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Functional-Nucleic-Acid-Based Fluorescent Fiber-Optic Evanescent Wave Biosensors
A fiber optic evanescent wave (FOEW) sensor is an attractive type of portable device that has the advantages of high sensitivity, low cost, good reusability, and long-term stability. By utilizing functional nucleic acids (FNAs) such as aptamers, DNAzymes, and rational designed nucleic acid probes as specific recognition ligands, the FOEW sensor has been demonstrated to be a general sensing platform for the onsite and continuous detection of various targets ranging from small molecules and heavy metal ions to proteins, nucleic acids, and pathogens. 
  • 866
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Enzymeless Electrochemical Glucose Sensors Based on MOFs
Electrochemical glucose sensors play a crucial role in medicine, bioscience, food science, and agricultural science. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) possess exceptional properties, such as large specific surface area, high porosity, tunable pore structure, high catalytic activity, open metal active sites, and structural diversity. The catalytic activity of metal–organic frameworks enables electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose without the need for enzymes. Consequently, enzymeless electrochemical glucose sensors based on metal–organic framework materials have gained much attention and have been extensively studied for glucose detection.
  • 865
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Cell Membrane Imaging
Cell membrane (CM) is a phospholipid bilayer that maintains integrity of a whole cell and relates to many physiological and pathological processes. Developing CM imaging tools is a feasible method for visualizing membrane-related events. Small-molecular fluorescent probes in the near-infrared (NIR) region have been pursued extensively for CM staining to investigate its functions and related events.
  • 864
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Copper Nanoclusters for Heavy Metal Ions Detection
Heavy metal ions (HMIs) can accumulate in the human body and cause poisoning. They can enter the biological chain from nature in many ways and are difficult to degrade in the body. HMIs can be detected by colorimetric methods, fluorescence methods, and point-of-care testing (POCT). POCT technology based on smartphone has the advantages of on-site diagnosis and portability. However, the technology relies on a wide variety of accessories that can be affected by environmental changes. Colorimetric methods for color evaluation are an important problem, and another problem is the stability of color. The fluorescence method is widely used in HMIs determination because of its advantages of simple operation, low cost, and high sensitivity. In addition, the fluorescence sensor has the characteristics of strong specificity, fast detection speed, and high accuracy. CuNCs are used as sensors to detect HMIs. The low-cost detection method brings convenience to the actual detection.
  • 840
  • 06 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Nanostructure-Modified Electrodes tor Contaminants of Environmental Concern Detection
The contaminants of environmental concern (CECs) are found in substances people all use in the  daily lives such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, flame retardants, personal care products, and so on. These contaminants pose a threat to human and environmental well being, hence the need for effective methods for the fast and sensitive detection of these contaminants in the ecosystems. The detection of these CECs can be achieved using electrodes modified with novel nanostructures that serve to increase the sensitivity and lower the detection limits.
  • 834
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Gas Chromatography for Tricyclic Antidepressants Analysis
Tricyclic antidepressant drugs (TCAs) are a main category of antidepressants, which are widely used for the treatment of psychological disorders due to their low cost and their high efficiency. Therefore, there is a great demand for method development for the determination of TCAs in biofluids, especially for therapeutic drug monitoring. Gas chromatography (GC) was the first chromatographic technique implemented for this purpose. With the development in the field of sample preparation, many novel GC applications have been developed. 
  • 834
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Signal Modulation for SPR and SPRi Sensors
Advances in near-field optics have emerged, resulting in the development of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging (SPRi) as a powerful optical, label-free monitoring tool for multiplexed detection and monitoring of biomolecular events. The microarrays design of the SPRi chips incorporating various metallic nanostructures make these optofluidic devices more suitable for diagnosis and near-patient testing than the traditional SPR sensors.
  • 826
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Lactoferrin's Characteristics and Properties
Lactoferrin (LF) is a component of the whey protein of milk of most mammals, probably with the exception of dogs and rats. The concentration of lactoferrin in milk depends on the phase of lactation. It has been proven that colostrum can contain up to seven times more LF than mature milk. Human body cells can produce lactoferrin and it is also found in many organs and cells of the human body. Its presence has been confirmed in kidneys, lungs, gallbladder, pancreas, intestine, liver, prostate, saliva, tears, sperm, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, bronchial secretions, vaginal discharge, synovial fluid, umbilical cord blood, blood plasma, and cells of the immune system. It is present wherever the body needs quick and effective protection against external threats.
  • 825
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Curcumin Electrochemistry
Curcumin (CU) is a polyphenolic compound extracted from turmeric, a well-known dietary spice. Since it has been shown that CU exerts beneficial effects on human health, interest has increased in its use but also in its analysis in different matrices. CU has an antioxidant character and is electroactive due to the presence of phenolic groups in its molecule. 
  • 823
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Metal-Organic Frameworks in Bioanalysis
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are novel materials composed of metal ions or clusters in coordination with organic linkers. Unequivocally, MOFs are gaining more and more attention in analytical chemistry due to their superior properties, including high surface area and tunability of pore size and functionality.
  • 822
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
On-Site Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are of interest in many different fields. Among them are food and fragrance analysis, environmental and atmospheric research, industrial applications, security or medical and life science. In the past, the characterization of these compounds was mostly performed via sample collection and off-site analysis with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as the gold standard. While powerful, this method also has several drawbacks such as being slow, expensive, and demanding on the user. For decades, intense research has been dedicated to find methods for fast VOC analysis on-site with time and spatial resolution. The working principles of the most important, utilized are presented, and researched technologies for this purpose and highlight important publications from the last five years. 
  • 811
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Bio-Residues Analysis of Fruit Crops
Food processing generates a large amount of bio-residues, which have become the focus of different studies aimed at valorizing this low-cost source of bioactive compounds. High fruit consumption is associated with beneficial health effects and, therefore, bio-waste and its constituents arouse therapeutic interest.
  • 805
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Data Fusion in Process Analytical Technology
The release of the FDA’s guidance on Process Analytical Technology has motivated and supported the pharmaceutical industry to deliver consistent quality medicine by acquiring a deeper understanding of the product performance and process interplay. The technical opportunities to reach this high-level control have considerably evolved since 2004 due to the development of advanced analytical sensors and chemometric tools.
  • 805
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Advances of Hydrosol–Gel Transition-Based Sensors
Hydrogels, as a type of three-dimensional porous material, have attracted a lot of attention in the fields of drug delivery, artificial tissue engineering, and sensing. Due to their excellent biocompatibility and high sensitivity to external stimuli, they are widely used in the development of various sensors. Among them, the sensors constructed based on the sol–gel transition of target–responsive hydrogels are particularly welcome. The status of the sensors on the basis of sol–gel transition has been presented. The types of hydrogel sensors and the analytical methods in various application scenarios are illustrated. In addition, the future trends of the sensing systems based on sol–gel transition are briefly discussed. 
  • 802
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are defined as crystalline organic polymers with programmable topological architectures using properly predesigned building blocks precursors. Since the development of the first COF in 2005, many works are emerging using this kind of material for different applications, such as the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors. COF shows superb characteristics, such as tuneable pore size and structure, permanent porosity, high surface area, thermal stability, and low density. Apart from these special properties, COF’s electrochemical behaviour can be modulated using electroactive building blocks. Furthermore, the great variety of functional groups that can be inserted in their structures makes them interesting materials to be conjugated with biological recognition elements, such as antibodies, enzymes, DNA probe, aptamer, etc. Moreover, the possibility of linking them with other special nanomaterials opens a wide range of possibilities to develop new electrochemical sensors and biosensors.
  • 801
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical AChE Biosensor Design
Neurodegenerative diseases and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as one of the most common causes of dementia, result in progressive losses of cholinergic neurons and a reduction in the presynaptic markers of the cholinergic system. These consequences can be compensated by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) followed by a decrease in the rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis. The assessment of cholinesterase inhibitors includes the comparison of the biosensor signals recorded prior to and after the contact of the enzyme with an inhibitor. This makes it possible to calculate the inhibition degree as the relative shift of the enzyme activity and as a measure of the inhibitor content. Even in the case of the direct signal measurement performed in the presence of both the substrate and inhibitor, it is mostly assumed that the initial enzyme activity (for zero inhibitor concentration) is constant and reproducible in the series of experiments required for calibration graph plotting. 
  • 800
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Single Component Oil in Edible Oil Blends
Edible oil blends are composed of two or more edible oils in varying proportions, which can ensure nutritional balance compared to oils comprising a single component oil. In view of their economical and nutritional benefits, quantitative analysis of the component oils in edible oil blends is necessary to ensure the rights and interests of consumers and maintain fairness in the edible oil market. An introduction to the basic concept of single component oil in edible oil blends is provided. The importance of the quantitative analysis of single component oil in edible oil blends and provides several analytical methods used for single component oil quantification is described. 
  • 789
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cell Membrane-Targeted Bioprobes for the Imaging of Organelles
Organelles are important subsystems of cells. The damage and inactivation of organelles are closely related to the occurrence of diseases. Organelles’ functional activity can be observed by fluorescence molecular tools. Nowadays, a series of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) bioprobes with organelles-targeting ability have emerged, showing great potential in visualizing the interactions between probes and different organelles.
  • 786
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Quality Assessment of Medicinal Plants
Since ancient times, herbal medicines (HM) have played a vital role in worldwide healthcare systems. It is therefore critical that a thorough evaluation of the quality and control of its complicated chemical makeup be conducted, in order to ensure its efficacy and safety.
  • 778
  • 28 Jun 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 16
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback