Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Haoyang Song
 -- 1846 2022-10-17 11:40:53 |
2 format correct
Conner Chen
 Meta information modification 1846 2022-10-18 05:07:19 | |
3 format correct
Conner Chen
 + 2 word(s) 1848 2022-10-18 05:09:30 | |
4 format correct
Conner Chen
 Meta information modification 1848 2022-10-18 05:19:37 | |
5 format correct
Conner Chen
 -1 word(s) 1847 2022-10-20 02:49:33 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Song, H.;  Ding, S.;  Zhao, M.;  Hu, Q. The Advances of Hydrosol–Gel Transition-Based Sensors. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29686 (accessed on 16 May 2024).
Song H,  Ding S,  Zhao M,  Hu Q. The Advances of Hydrosol–Gel Transition-Based Sensors. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29686. Accessed May 16, 2024.
Song, Haoyang, Shichao Ding, Mei Zhao, Qiongzheng Hu. "The Advances of Hydrosol–Gel Transition-Based Sensors" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29686 (accessed May 16, 2024).
Song, H.,  Ding, S.,  Zhao, M., & Hu, Q. (2022, October 17). The Advances of Hydrosol–Gel Transition-Based Sensors. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29686
Song, Haoyang, et al. "The Advances of Hydrosol–Gel Transition-Based Sensors." Encyclopedia. Web. 17 October, 2022.
The Advances of Hydrosol–Gel Transition-Based Sensors
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/chemosensors10100415

Hydrogels, as a type of three-dimensional porous material, have attracted a lot of attention in the fields of drug delivery, artificial tissue engineering, and sensing. Due to their excellent biocompatibility and high sensitivity to external stimuli, they are widely used in the development of various sensors. Among them, the sensors constructed based on the sol–gel transition of target–responsive hydrogels are particularly welcome. The status of the sensors on the basis of sol–gel transition has been presented. The types of hydrogel sensors and the analytical methods in various application scenarios are illustrated. In addition, the future trends of the sensing systems based on sol–gel transition are briefly discussed. 

hydrogels stimuli-responsive material analytical method

1. Introduction

Hydrogels are crosslinked hydrophilic polymer porous network materials. Like other widely used porous materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [1], hydrogels also possess attractive physical and chemical properties. A large number of hydrogels have high molecular permeability, high mechanical properties, remarkable ionic conductivity, controllable microstructures, excellent biocompatibility, and impressive stability, which show great potential in the spheres of drug delivery [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], artificial tissue engineering [11][12][13][14], sensing [15][16][17][18][19][20][21], etc. Generally, hydrogels contain a large amount of water, whose weight is even a few hundred times more than that of dry hydrogel scaffolds [22]. The gel materials with various properties have different water storage capacities, leading to various applications. Hydrogels used in force change sensing often need strong mechanical properties and are often prepared by the method of physical adsorption and ultrasonic treatment [23][24]. Hydrogels used in biosensing are often prepared by the method of chemical covalent and require the integration of hydrogel scaffolds and recognition units, causing a highly sensitive response to various environmental stimuli. The recognition units of the hydrogels can specifically respond to external stimuli, which may be easily detected and quantified without complex operations.
There are mainly two sensing methods that apply the sol–gel transition mechanism. One is to embed the recognition units and signal molecules into the hydrogels, which are dissolved with the presence of the target substances to release the signal molecules [25]. According to the porous three-dimensional structures of hydrogels, the signal molecules can be encapsulated to avoid their rapid interaction with the external environment. For example, considering the amount of water trapped in hydrogels as a type of signal, the destruction degree of hydrogel scaffolds can be determined [26]. The other method hinders the initial signals via the target-induced formation of hydrogels. For instance, the formation of Ca2+-triggered hydrogels on the surface of glass carbon electrodes greatly increases the impedance signals [27]. Compared to other advanced detection methods such as gold nanoparticles colorimetric assay [28], detection based on sol–gel transition takes advantage of the simple and repetitive structure of hydrogels to allow the signal molecules to embed in but not modify the materials, which simplifies the preparing operations. It is also more convenient as a detection method that the signal amplification is achieved according to the number of embedded signal molecules. Thus, the hydrogel sensing based on sol–gel transition is particularly important in the detection of biological enzyme activity, small molecules such as organic pesticides and toxins, heavy metal ions and so on.

2. Types of Hydrogels in the Development of Sol–Gel Transition-Based Sensors

Hydrogel scaffolds with different compositions endow hydrogels with different responsive and destructive methods. According to various materials, three major kinds of hydrogels have been reported, involving DNA hydrogels, polypeptide hydrogels, and polysaccharide hydrogels. DNA hydrogels usually contain functional DNA fragments to recognize targets. Polypeptide hydrogels are usually used to detect enzymes due to their responses to different hydrolases. For polysaccharide hydrogels, besides the scaffold formed by polymers, the recognized units are usually acting as crosslinking agents. 

2.1. DNA Hydrogels

For DNA hydrogels, DNA acts as a crosslinking agent or scaffold, and recognition units are often DNA-related substances, such as aptamer, DNA probe, and complementary strand. Based on the complementary characteristics of DNA double strands, the combination and separation of recognition units from scaffolds is the core of sol–gel sensing. According to different scaffold components, two major types of DNA hydrogels have been extensively studied, involving pure and hybrid DNA hydrogels.
For pure DNA hydrogels, their scaffolds are composed of DNA strands with complementary bases [29]. They always have good biocompatibility and biodegradability [30]. Zhang et al. fabricated ctDNA-triggered and DNAzyme-functionalized hydrogels for visible detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) [31]. Target ctDNA triggered the rolling circle amplification (RCA), thus resulting in DNA hydrogels with G-quadruplex structures on a macroscopical scale, which was utilized as the direct detection of ctDNA. Chu selected two partially complementary strands, Pb2+ dependent DNAzyme strand and substrate strand, to manufacture the DNA hydrogels [32]. Pb2+ presenting in the sample activated the DNAzyme strands, which led to the cleavage of the substrate strands and signal output.
Hybrid DNA hydrogels are generally formed by the hybridization of modified polymers and deoxyribonucleotide chains. They always possess high mechanical strength and stability [30]. For the preparation of hybrid DNA hydrogels, two common methods were developed. The one method involves DNA modification on organic polymer chains. Acrylamide [20][33][34] and acrydite [35] are always used as monomers for polymerization. Lin developed the hybrid DNA hydrogels which were made by three different kinds of ssDNA strands combining with non-DNA polymers [35]. Their scaffolds consisted of the acrydite-modified adenosine aptamer and the acrydite-modified ssDNA partially complementary to the adenosine aptamer with the heme aptamer acting as the crosslinker. To improve the sensitivity of polymer-DNA hydrogels, Liao’s group wrapped the fluorescent quantum dots in DNA-based acrylamide hydrogel microcapsules [19]. All fluorescent quantum dots in the microcapsules can be obtained without completely collapsing the hydrogel. Another method is to modify DNA on microbeads, such as gold nanoparticles and SiO2 nanoparticles. Jie’s group developed a versatile fluorescence strategy through DNA-SiO2 hybrid hydrogels, which were used to detect miRNA-141 with ultra-sensitivity [36]. The target miRNA-141 firstly induced the production of large amounts of DNA S3 by walking amplification. Then, S3 linked with DNA hairpin H1 which was attached to SiO2 microspheres. After the hybridization chain reaction (HCR) of H1 and other hairpin DNA modifying on SiO2, DNA crosslinked hydrogels can be formed on SiO2. Additionally, Liu used DNA-modified gold nanoparticle to fabricate hybrid hydrogels film for the biosensing system [37]. To enhance the mechanical strength of hydrogels, Ji et al. further integrated the two methods [38][39]. They firstly linked DNA with SiO2 nanoparticles, then modified poly methacrylic acid on the terminal of DNA complementary strand. Finally, polymer hydrogel scaffolds were constructed outside the DNA-SiO2 nanoparticles via DNA complementary binding.
DNA can continuously synthesize long DNA strands and form pure DNA hydrogels under the catalysis of polymerase. The operations of synthesis and signal amplification are relatively simple. Hybrid DNA hydrogels not only enrich the diversity of DNA hydrogels, provide more sensing strategies, but have better stability to adapt to complex detection environments.

2.2. Polypeptide Hydrogels

Polypeptide-based hydrogels benefit from their low immunogenicity, high bio-compatibility and biodegradability, and lower cost than DNA hydrogels, drawing great attention in the sphere of biological applications [40][41][42][43]. On the one hand, the types of amino acids are much more than the types of nucleobases in nucleic acids, which greatly enrich the diversity of peptide chains; On the other hand, unlike nucleic acids that rely on complementary base pairing to form scaffolds, peptide chains can be linked to each other by modifying reactive groups or photosensitive groups at the end of the chain, or directly through hydrogen bonds or hydrophobic interactions.
Polypeptide hydrogels can be used for the detection of polypeptide enzymes without introducing extra recognition groups. For example, it is feasible to quantitatively detect trypsin [26] and thrombin [44] by measuring the water molecules released from gelatin and fibrinogen hydrogels due to the enzymatic hydrolysis. Ahmad and colleagues crosslinked 4-arm poly (ethylene glycol) norbornene with bis cysteine peptide to form polypeptide hydrogels, which were used to detect trace collagenase with the assistance of quartz crystal microbalance [45]. In addition, combining with DNA probes, aptamers, and other recognition units with polypeptides can enrich the types of polypeptide-based hydrogels and expand the functionality. For example, to detect cancer DNA, Jandl used the method of terminal modification to combine DNA with peptide chain, and the fluorophores entered the polypeptide hydrogels via hydrogen bonds [42].
For the good specificity of proteolytic enzymes, polypeptide hydrogels can be directly recognized by related enzymes, and the abundant enzyme-binding sites in the hydrogel scaffold facilitate the signal amplification.

2.3. Polysaccharide Hydrogels

As a kind of natural polymer material, polysaccharide hydrogels have attracted extensive attention. Alginate hydrogels as polymer backbones, have been widely used in biological analysis. Yang and co-workers noticed that it was easy to utilize alginate hydrogels with “egg-box” structures to encapsulate enzymes [46]. This method facilitated the analysis of different enzymes using the immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) with same hydrogel structures. The species of detected enzymes depended on the substrate injected in capillary electrophoresis. Later, they provided an approach for on-line enzyme assays for penicillinase utilizing capillary electrophoresis-integrated immobilized enzyme reactors (CE-IMERs) [47]. To fabricate the CE-IMERs, the hydrosol stock suspension was prepared and injected into the pretreated capillary. The suspension contained penicillinase, sodium alginate, and calcium carbonate. Then, the penicillin G sodium salt (PG) solution was introduced into the inlet of the capillary with electrokinetics. The hydrolysis of PG by penicillinase-produced penicilloic acid (PA), which made the solution weakly acidic, thus promoting the hydrolysis of CaCO3 to produce Ca2+. With the help of Ca2+, the sodium alginate hydrosol transited into hydrogels.
Based on Ca2+-triggered pH-response sodium alginate hydrogels precipitation, Ma’s group developed a cascaded signal-amplification strategy for a sandwich-type impedimetric immunosensor, which was particularly useful for the detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA) [27]. The secondary antibody was firstly connected to gold nanoparticle-CaCO3 microspheres (AuNP-CaCO3). When AuNP-CaCO3 was deposited on the surface of the glass carbon electrode (GCE) by binding the target molecules to the primary and secondary antibodies, the dissolution of CaCO3 and release of Ca2+ in a weakly acidic solution were induced. Consequently, Ca2+ was crosslinked with alginate to form insoluble alginate salt hydrogels’ precipitation on the sensing interface, which significantly increased the impedance signal. Benefiting from the cascaded signal amplification, the impedimetric immunosensor exhibited ultrahigh sensitivity.
At present, although there are many types of polysaccharide hydrogels, sodium alginate hydrogels are more researched for sensing because their unique “egg-box” structure and Ca2+-induced gelation are suitable for sensing strategy.

3. The Methods Used for the Development of Sol–Gel Transition-Based Sensors

Various sol–gel transition-based sensors are introduced according to different sensing methods. The brief information of these sensors is put in Table 1.
Table 1. The application and limit of detection of sensors with different using methods.
Method Detection Application Limit of Detection Reference
Colorimetric assay T-2 mycotoxin 0.87 pg/mL [48]
Alkaline phosphatase 0.37 mU/mL [49]
Ochratoxin A 0.005 ng/mL [50]
Fluorescence assay Alkaline phosphatase 21.3 μM [51]
Ochratoxin A 0.01 ng/mL [52]
Surface-enhanced Raman
spectroscopy (SERS) assay		 UO22+ 8.38 × 10−13 M [53]
α-fetoprotein 50 pg/mL [54]
Magnetic relaxation switching
(MRS) assay		 Foodborne pathogens 50 CFU/mL [55]
pH-based assay Aflatoxin B1 0.1 μM [56]
Weight assay by electronic balance Hyaluronidase 0.2 U/mL [57]
AFB1 9.4 μg/kg [58]
Hyaluronidase 0.35 U mL−1 [59]
Glucose assay by personal glucose
meter		 DNA adenine methyltransferase 0.001 U/mL [60]
Distance-based lateral flow assay Organophosphorus pesticides 3.3 ng/mL [61]
Penicillinase 2.67 × 10−3 mU/μL
2.67 × 10−2 mU/μL		 [62]
Glucose 1.4 mM [63]
Pb2+ 10 nM [64]
Thrombin and inhibitor 16.1 mU/mL [44]

References

  1. Karimi, M.; Mehrabadi, Z.; Farsadrooh, M.; Bafkary, R.; Derikvandi, H.; Hayati, P.; Mohammadi, K. Chapter 4—Metal–organic framework. In Interface Science and Technology; Ghaedi, M., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2021; Volume 33, pp. 279–387.
  2. Dera, R.; Diliën, H.; Billen, B.; Gagliardi, M.; Rahimi, N.; Den Akker, N.M.S.; Molin, D.G.M.; Grandfils, C.; Adriaensens, P.; Guedens, W.; et al. Phosphodiester hydrogels for cell scaffolding and drug release applications. Macromol. Biosci. 2019, 19, 1900090.
  3. Pivato, R.V.; Rossi, F.; Ferro, M.; Castiglione, F.; Trotta, F.; Mele, A. β-cyclodextrin nanosponge hydrogels as drug delivery nanoarchitectonics for multistep drug release kinetics. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2021, 3, 6562–6571.
  4. Tang, J.; Qiao, Y.; Chu, Y.; Tong, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Zhang, W.; Xie, S.; Hu, J.; Wang, T. Magnetic double-network hydrogels for tissue hyperthermia and drug release. J. Mater. Chem. B 2019, 7, 1311–1321.
  5. Xie, Z.; Shen, J.; Sun, H.; Li, J.; Wang, X. Polymer-based hydrogels with local drug release for cancer immunotherapy. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2021, 137, 111333.
  6. Weng, L.; Rostambeigi, N.; Zantek, N.D.; Rostamzadeh, P.; Bravo, M.; Carey, J.; Golzarian, J. An in situ forming biodegradable hydrogel-based embolic agent for interventional therapies. Acta Biomater. 2013, 9, 8182–8191.
  7. Wang, W.; Song, H.; Zhang, J.; Li, P.; Li, C.; Wang, C.; Kong, D.; Zhao, Q. An injectable, thermosensitive and multicompartment hydrogel for simultaneous encapsulation and independent release of a drug cocktail as an effective combination therapy platform. J. Control Release 2015, 203, 57–66.
  8. Guilbaud-Chéreau, C.; Dinesh, B.; Wagner, L.; Chaloin, O.; Ménard-Moyon, C.; Bianco, A. Aromatic dipeptide homologue-based hydrogels for photocontrolled drug release. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 1643.
  9. Hu, J.; Chen, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Cheng, Y. A thermo-degradable hydrogel with light-tunable degradation and drug release. Biomaterials 2016, 112, 133–140.
  10. Lou, C.; Tian, X.; Deng, H.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, X. Dialdehyde-β-cyclodextrin-crosslinked carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel for drug release. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 231, 115678.
  11. Gomez-Florit, M.; Pardo, A.; Domingues, R.M.A.; Graça, A.L.; Babo, P.S.; Reis, R.L.; Gomes, M.E. Natural-based hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. Molecules 2020, 25, 5858.
  12. Khuu, N.; Kheiri, S.; Kumacheva, E. Structurally anisotropic hydrogels for tissue engineering. Trends Chem. 2021, 3, 1002–1026.
  13. Yi, Y.; Xie, C.; Liu, J.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, J.; Lu, X. Self-adhesive hydrogels for tissue engineering. J. Mater. Chem. B 2021, 9, 8739–8767.
  14. Zhao, H.; Liu, M.; Zhang, Y.; Yin, J.; Pei, R. Nanocomposite hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 14976–14995.
  15. Fu, L.; Wang, A.; Lyu, F.; Lai, G.; Yu, J.; Lin, C.-T.; Liu, Z.; Yu, A.; Su, W. A solid-state electrochemical sensing platform based on a supramolecular hydrogel. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018, 262, 326–333.
  16. Sun, X.; He, S.; Qin, Z.; Li, J.; Yao, F. Fast self-healing zwitterion nanocomposite hydrogel for underwater sensing. Compos. Commun. 2021, 26, 100784.
  17. Zhang, J.; Jin, J.; Wan, J.; Jiang, S.; Wu, Y.; Wang, W.; Gong, X.; Wang, H. Quantum dots-based hydrogels for sensing applications. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 408, 127351.
  18. Bhattacharya, S.; Sarkar, R.; Nandi, S.; Porgador, A.; Jelinek, R. Detection of reactive oxygen species by a carbon-dot–ascorbic acid hydrogel. Anal. Chem. 2016, 89, 830–836.
  19. Chang, W.-H.; Lee, Y.-F.; Liu, Y.-W.; Willner, I.; Liao, W.-C. Stimuli-responsive hydrogel microcapsules for the amplified detection of microRNAs. Nanoscale 2021, 13, 16799–16808.
  20. Ma, Y.; Mao, Y.; An, Y.; Tian, T.; Zhang, H.; Yan, J.; Zhu, Z.; Yang, C.J. Target-responsive DNA hydrogel for non-enzymatic and visual detection of glucose. Analyst 2018, 143, 1679–1684.
  21. Vassalini, I.; Ribaudo, G.; Gianoncelli, A.; Casula, M.F.; Alessandri, I. Plasmonic hydrogels for capture, detection and removal of organic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Nano 2020, 7, 3888–3900.
  22. Xu, X.; Jerca, V.V.; Hoogenboom, R. Bioinspired double network hydrogels: From covalent double network hydrogels via hybrid double network hydrogels to physical double network hydrogels. Mater. Horiz. 2020, 8, 1173–1188.
  23. Gao, Y.; Gu, S.; Jia, F.; Wang, Q.; Gao, G. “All-in-one” hydrolyzed keratin protein-modified polyacrylamide composite hydrogel transducer. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 398, 125555.
  24. Xie, H.; Yu, Q.; Mao, J.; Wang, S.; Hu, Y.; Guo, Z. A conductive polyacrylamide/double bond chitosan/polyaniline hydrogel for flexible sensing. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 2020, 31, 10381–10389.
  25. Ata, S.; Banerjee, S.L.; Singha, N.K. Polymer nano-hybrid material based on graphene oxide/POSS via surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP): Its application in specialty hydrogel system. Polymer 2016, 103, 46–56.
  26. Ping, J.; Wu, W.; Qi, L.; Liu, J.; Liu, J.; Zhao, B.; Wang, Q.; Yu, L.; Lin, J.M.; Hu, Q. Hydrogel-assisted paper-based lateral flow sensor for the detection of trypsin in human serum. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2021, 192, 113548.
  27. Zhao, L.; Yin, S.; Ma, Z. Ca(2+)-triggered pH-response sodium alginate hydrogel precipitation for amplified sandwich-type impedimetric immunosensor of tumor marker. ACS Sens. 2019, 4, 450–455.
  28. Priyadarshini, E.; Pradhan, N. Gold nanoparticles as efficient sensors in colorimetric detection of toxic metal ions: A review. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2017, 238, 888–902.
  29. Yao, S.; Xiang, L.; Wang, L.; Gong, H.; Chen, F.; Cai, C. pH-responsive DNA hydrogels with ratiometric fluorescence for accurate detection of miRNA-21. Anal. Chim. Acta 2022, 1207, 339795.
  30. Chen, M.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Peng, Y.; Li, S.; Han, D.; Ren, S.; Qin, K.; Li, S.; Gao, Z. Stimuli-responsive DNA-based hydrogels for biosensing applications. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2022, 20, 40.
  31. Mao, X.; Pan, S.; Zhou, D.; He, X.; Zhang, Y. Fabrication of DNAzyme-functionalized hydrogel and its application for visible detection of circulating tumor DNA. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2019, 285, 385–390.
  32. Chu, J.; Chen, C.; Li, X.; Yu, L.; Li, W.; Cheng, M.; Tang, W.; Xiong, Z. A responsive pure DNA hydrogel for label-free detection of lead ion. Anal. Chim. Acta 2021, 1157, 338400.
  33. Cai, W.; Xie, S.; Zhang, J.; Tang, D.; Tang, Y. An electrochemical impedance biosensor for Hg2+ detection based on DNA hydrogel by coupling with DNAzyme-assisted target recycling and hybridization chain reaction. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2017, 98, 466–472.
  34. Wang, Z.; Chen, R.; Hou, Y.; Qin, Y.; Li, S.; Yang, S.; Gao, Z. DNA hydrogels combined with microfluidic chips for melamine detection. Anal. Chim. Acta 2022, 1228, 340312.
  35. Lin, Y.; Wang, X.; Sun, Y.; Dai, Y.; Sun, W.; Zhu, X.; Liu, H.; Han, R.; Gao, D.; Luo, C. A chemiluminescent biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of adenosine based on target-responsive DNA hydrogel with encapsulation. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2019, 289, 56–64.
  36. Li, C.; Li, H.; Ge, J.; Jie, G. Versatile fluorescence detection of microRNA based on novel DNA hydrogel-amplified signal probes coupled with DNA walker amplification. Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, 3919–3922.
  37. Liu, C.; Gou, S.; Bi, Y.; Gao, Q.; Sun, J.; Hu, S.; Guo, W. Smart DNA-gold nanoparticle hybrid hydrogel film based portable, cost-effective and storable biosensing system for the colorimetric detection of lead (II) and uranyl ions. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2022, 210, 114290.
  38. Ji, X.; Lv, H.; Sun, X.; Ding, C. Green-emitting carbon dot loaded silica nanoparticles coated with DNA-cross-linked hydrogels for sensitive carcinoembryonic antigen detection and effective targeted cancer therapy. Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, 15101–15104.
  39. Ji, X.; Wang, J.; Niu, S.; Ding, C. Size-controlled DNA-cross-linked hydrogel coated silica nanoparticles served as a ratiometric fluorescent probe for the detection of adenosine triphosphate in living cells. Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, 5243–5246.
  40. Qiao, Y.; Liu, X.; Zhou, X.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, W.; Xiao, W.; Pan, G.; Cui, W.; Santos, H.A.; Shi, Q. Gelatin templated polypeptide co-cross-linked hydrogel for bone tegeneration. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2020, 9, 1901239.
  41. Cheng, L.; Cai, Z.; Ye, T.; Yu, X.; Chen, Z.; Yan, Y.; Qi, J.; Wang, L.; Liu, Z.; Cui, W.; et al. Injectable polypeptide-protein hydrogels for promoting infected wound healing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2001196.
  42. Jandl, B.; Sedghiniya, S.; Carstens, A.; Astakhova, K. Peptide–fluorophore hydrogel as a signal boosting approach in rapid detection of cancer DNA. ACS Omega 2019, 4, 13889–13895.
  43. Liu, Y.X.; Xie, T.J.; Li, C.H.; Ye, Q.C.; Tian, L.L.; Li, Y.F.; Huang, C.Z.; Zhen, S.J. A crosslinked submicro-hydrogel formed by DNA circuit-driven protein aggregation amplified fluorescence anisotropy for biomolecules detection. Anal. Chim. Acta 2021, 1154, 338319.
  44. Han, C.; Yuan, X.; Shen, Z.; Xiao, Y.; Wang, X.; Khan, M.; Liu, S.; Li, W.; Hu, Q.; Wu, W. A paper-based lateral flow sensor for the detection of thrombin and its inhibitors. Anal. Chim. Acta 2022, 1205, 339756.
  45. Ahmad, N.; Colak, B.; Zhang, D.-W.; Gibbs, M.J.; Watkinson, M.; Becer, C.R.; Gautrot, J.E.; Krause, S. Peptide cross-linked poly (ethylene glycol) hydrogel films as biosensor coatings for the detection of collagenase. Sensors 2019, 19, 1677.
  46. Yang, J.; Hu, X.; Xu, J.; Liu, X.; Yang, L. Single-step In situ acetylcholinesterase-mediated alginate hydrogelation for enzyme encapsulation in CE. Anal. Chem. 2018, 90, 4071–4078.
  47. Hu, X.; Yang, J.; Chen, C.; Khan, H.; Guo, Y.; Yang, L. Capillary electrophoresis-integrated immobilized enzyme microreactor utilizing single-step in-situ penicillinase-mediated alginate hydrogelation: Application for enzyme assays of penicillinase. Talanta 2018, 189, 377–382.
  48. Sun, Y.; Li, S.; Chen, R.; Wu, P.; Liang, J. Ultrasensitive and rapid detection of T-2 toxin using a target-responsive DNA hydrogel. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2020, 311, 127912.
  49. Gao, L.; Li, Y.; Huang, Z.Z.; Tan, H. Visual detection of alkaline phosphatase based on ascorbic acid-triggered gel-sol transition of alginate hydrogel. Anal. Chim. Acta 2021, 1148, 238193.
  50. Hao, L.; Liu, X.; Xu, S.; An, F.; Gu, H.; Xu, F. A novel aptasensor based on DNA hydrogel for sensitive visual detection of ochratoxin A. Mikrochim. Acta 2021, 188, 395.
  51. Li, Y.; Huang, Z.Z.; Weng, Y.; Tan, H. Pyrophosphate ion-responsive alginate hydrogel as an effective fluorescent sensing platform for alkaline phosphatase detection. Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, 11450–11453.
  52. Hao, L.; Wang, W.; Shen, X.; Wang, S.; Li, Q.; An, F.; Wu, S. A fluorescent DNA hydrogel aptasensor based on the self-assembly of rolling circle amplification products for sensitive detection of ochratoxin A. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2020, 68, 369–375.
  53. He, X.; Zhou, X.; Liu, W.; Liu, Y.; Wang, X. Flexible DNA hydrogel SERS active biofilms for conformal ultrasensitive detection of uranyl Ions from aquatic products. Langmuir 2020, 36, 2930–2936.
  54. Wang, Q.; Hu, Y.; Jiang, N.; Wang, J.; Yu, M.; Zhuang, X. Preparation of aptamer responsive DNA functionalized hydrogels for the sensitive detection of alpha-fetoprotein using SERS method. Bioconjug. Chem. 2020, 31, 813–820.
  55. Wei, L.; Wang, Z.; Feng, C.; Xianyu, Y.; Chen, Y. Direct transverse relaxation time biosensing strategy for detecting foodborne pathogens through enzyme-mediated sol−gel transition of hydrogels. Anal. Chem. 2021, 93, 6613–6619.
  56. Zhao, M.; Wang, P.; Guo, Y.; Wang, L.; Luo, F.; Qiu, B.; Guo, L.; Su, X.; Lin, Z.; Chen, G. Detection of aflatoxin B1 in food samples based on target-responsive aptamer-cross-linked hydrogel using a handheld pH meter as readout. Talanta 2018, 176, 34–39.
  57. Li, Z.; Tang, C.; Huang, D.; Qin, W.; Luo, F.; Wang, J.; Guo, L.; Qiu, B.; Lin, Z. Sensitive hyaluronidase biosensor based on target-responsive hydrogel using electronic balance as readout. Anal. Chem. 2019, 91, 11821–11826.
  58. Tang, L.; Huang, Y.; Lin, C.; Qiu, B.; Guo, L.; Luo, F.; Lin, Z. Highly sensitive and selective aflatoxin B1 biosensor based on Exonuclease I-catalyzed target recycling amplification and targeted response aptamer-crosslinked hydrogel using electronic balances as a readout. Talanta 2020, 214, 120862.
  59. Dong, N.; Cai, Q.; Li, Z.; Xu, L.; Wu, H.; Lin, Z.; Qiu, B.; Li, C.; Lin, Z. Convenient hyaluronidase biosensors based on the target-trigger enhancing of the permeability of a membrane using an electronic balance as a readout. Analyst 2021, 146, 3299–3304.
  60. Gao, X.; Li, X.; Sun, X.; Zhang, J.; Zhao, Y.; Liu, X.; Li, F. DNA tetrahedra-cross-linked hydrogel functionalized paper for onsite analysis of DNA methyltransferase activity using a personal glucose meter. Anal. Chem. 2020, 92, 4592–4599.
  61. Xu, J.; Hu, X.; Khan, H.; Tian, M.; Yang, L. Converting solution viscosity to distance-readout on paper substrates based on enzyme-mediated alginate hydrogelation: Quantitative determination of organophosphorus pesticides. Anal. Chim. Acta 2019, 1071, 1–7.
  62. Xu, J.; Chen, X.; Khan, H.; Yang, L. A dual-readout paper-based sensor for on-site detection of penicillinase with a smartphone. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2021, 335, 129707.
  63. Zhang, H.; Li, X.; Qian, Z.M.; Wang, S.; Yang, F.Q. Glucose oxidase-mediated sodium alginate gelation: Equipment-Free detection of glucose in fruit samples. Enzym. Microb. Technol. 2021, 148, 109805.
  64. Jiang, C.; Li, Y.; Wang, H.; Chen, D.; Wen, Y. A portable visual capillary sensor based on functional DNA crosslinked hydrogel for point-of-care detection of lead ion. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2019, 307, 127625.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Chemistry, Analytical
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Haoyang Song
,
Shichao Ding
,
Mei Zhao
,
Qiongzheng Hu
View Times: 390
Revisions: 5 times (View History)
Update Date: 20 Oct 2022
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback